某汽车转向纵拉杆设计分析

转向纵拉杆是汽车转向传动机构中重要的零部件,通过转向纵拉杆受力分析,对转向纵拉杆的强度、稳定性进行了校核,提供了纵拉杆设计分析的参考.     

山地拖拉机调平系统的研究现状及发展趋势

采用理论分析和文献综述相结合的方法,对国内外拖拉机车身调平系统的现状进行研究;从拖拉机后悬挂技术、机具调平坡地自适应技术2个方面对文献知识进行梳理和归纳。结果表明:1)利用拖拉机调平系统能使拖拉机在车身遇到颠簸或倾斜时调整至水平状态,能确保驾驶员的安全和舒适;在山地复杂多变和高低起伏环境下,拖拉机在山地作业的稳定性和通过性与车身自动调平程度密切相关;2)悬挂机构对拖拉机车身调平及后悬挂机具调平起着至关重要的连接作用,悬挂机构的技术结构直接影响了拖拉机车身调平及后悬挂技术研究的发展程度;3)对悬挂机具在坡地等高作业及耕作自适应等关键技术的研究,是整个山地拖拉机调平系统研究的关键问题。针对山地复杂地形和作业质量要求,提出如下发展策略:在搭建山地拖拉机车身调平系统和优化悬挂机构的基础之上,全面研究山地拖拉机后悬挂技术和机具调平坡地自适应技术;在保障山地作业质量和作业效率的前提下,进一步深入研究山地拖拉机车身与悬挂机具协调自适应技术,实现山地拖拉机悬挂机具对坡地的仿形作业,是山地拖拉机自动调平系统的主要发展方向。     

稻田水分管理方式对水稻光合速率和水分利用效率的影响

以超级杂交稻两优培九和中优6号为材料, 设3个不同水分管理措施,在穗分化期、开花期和花后20 d分别测定叶片光合速率和水分利用率。结果表明:不同水分管理方式影响水稻地上部干物重、叶面积指数、光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率。水分好气灌溉管理地上部干物重和水分利用效率明显增加;水分低水位管理蒸腾速率、地上部干物重和叶片水分利用效率下降。淹水灌溉地上部干物重、叶面积指数、叶片光合速率和水分利用率较低。因此,水稻好气灌溉有利于光合物质积累,显著增产和提高水分利用效率。试验还表明这3种水分管理对稻米蛋白质含量的影响不显著。     

Effect of ensiling whole crop oat with lucerne in different ratios on fermentation quality,aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility on the Tibetan plateau

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of ensiling different ratios of whole crop oat to lucerne on fermentation quality, aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility of silage on the Tibetan plateau. Four experimental treatments were produced varying in the ratio of forages on a fresh matter (FM) basis: 1) 100% oat (control, dry matter (DM) content: 317 g/kg), 2) 90% oat + 10% lucerne (OL10, DM content: 316 g/kg), 3) 80% oat+ 20% lucerne (OL20, DM content: 317 g/kg) and 4) 70% oat+ 30% lucerne (OL30, DM content: 318 g/kg). All treatments were packed into laboratory‐scale silos and ensiled for 60 days and then subjected to an aerobic stability test for 15 days. Further, the four experimental treatments were incubated in vitro with buffered rumen fluid to study the nutrient digestibility. All silages were well preserved with low pH and NH₃‐N contents, and high lactic acid contents and V‐scores (evaluation of silage quality). Increasing the lucerne proportion increased (p < 0.05) crude protein (CP) content of silage, whereas neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fibre contents were not affected. Under aerobic conditions, the control silage showed higher (p < 0.05) yeast counts (>10⁵ cfu/g FM) followed by OL10 silage, and OL10 silage improved aerobic stability for 74 h. OL20 and OL30 silages showed fewer (p < 0.05) yeasts (<10⁵ cfu/g FM) and markedly (p < 0.05) improved the aerobic stability (>360 h). After 48‐h incubation, OL30 silage increased (p < 0.05) in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and neutral detergent fibre digestibility (IVNDFD) compared with the control silage. These results suggest that replacing oat with lucerne had no unfavourable effects on fermentation quality of silage, but improved CP content, aerobic stability IVDMD and IVNDFD. OL30 silage was the best among the three mixed silages.     

Effects of land-use type and nitrogen addition on nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide production potentials in Japanese Andosols

Land-use type and nitrogen (N) addition strongly affect nitrous oxide (N₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) production, but the impacts of their interaction and the controlling factors remain unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of both factors simultaneously on N₂O and CO₂ production and associated soil chemical and biological properties. Surface soils (0–10 cm) from three adjacent lands (apple orchard, grassland and deciduous forest) in central Japan were selected and incubated aerobically for 12 weeks with addition of 0, 30 or 150 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1. Land-use type had a significant (p < 0.001) impact on the cumulative N₂O and CO₂ production. Soils from the apple orchard had higher N₂O and CO₂ production potentials than those from the grassland and forest soils. Soil net N mineralization rate had a positive correlation with both soil N₂O and CO₂ production rates. Furthermore, the N₂O production rate was positively correlated with the CO₂ production rate. In the soils with no N addition, the dominant soil properties influencing N₂O production were found to be the ammonium-N content and the ratio of soil microbial biomass carbon to nitrogen (MBC/MBN), while those for CO₂ production were the content of nitrate-N and soluble organic carbon. N₂O production increased with the increase in added N doses for the three land-use types and depended on the status of the initial soil available N. The effect of N addition on CO₂ production varied with land use type; with the increase of N addition doses, it decreased for the apple orchard and forest soils but increased for the grassland soils. This difference might be due to the differences in microbial flora as indicated by the MBC/MBN ratio. Soil N mineralization was the major process controlling N₂O and CO₂ production in the examined soils under aerobic incubation conditions.     

周年轮作休耕模式对土壤球囊霉素和团聚体稳定性的影响

为探究周年轮作休耕模式对土壤球囊霉素和团聚体稳定性的影响规律与机制,通过田间试验设置苕子-玉米轮作、豌豆-玉米轮作、休闲-玉米和全年休闲4个处理,分析不同种植模式下团聚体、球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(GRSP)及有机碳(SOC)的变化规律。结果表明:与休闲-玉米、苕子-玉米轮作、豌豆-玉米轮作相比,全年休闲能显著增加大团聚体(>0.25 mm)含量,提高团聚体稳定性;在不同团聚体粒级下,与休闲-玉米相比,苕子-玉米轮作、豌豆-玉米轮作和全年休闲均能有效增加GRSP和SOC的含量,且全年休闲效果更佳;结构方程模型的结果显示,GRSP对SOC和可溶性有机碳(DOC)有直接的正面影响,对团聚体稳定性有间接影响,各因子对平均质量直径的总效应由大到小依次为WSA_>0.25(>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体)>DOC>总GRSP>SOC>易提取GRSP;相关性分析表明,不同团聚体粒级下GRSP与SOC均呈线性正相关关系,但在不同粒级下的相关系数的大小有所差异。研究表明,合理的轮作休耕模式有助于恢复地力,改善耕地质量,减少水土流失。     

秸秆还田对麦玉系统土壤有机碳稳定性的影响

为揭示不同秸秆还田量对华北小麦-玉米轮作系统土壤有机碳官能团结构及稳定性的影响,研究了秸秆还田5 a后土壤有机碳官能团结构、团聚体组成及有机碳含量、活性有机碳含量、土壤铁离子的变化。田间实验设置4个处理:秸秆不还田作为对照(CK)、秸秆1/3还田(S1)、秸秆2/3还田(S2)、秸秆全部还田(S3)。采用常规方法测定土壤理化性质、粒径、铁离子及土壤微生物量碳含量,13C核磁共振波谱技术(NMR)检测分析土壤有机碳官能团结构。结果表明:秸秆还田5 a后,土壤总有机碳(TOC)、2mm与2.00～0.25 mm团聚体有机碳、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、易氧化态碳(EOC)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量,均随还田量增加而逐渐增加,且不同处理增加量不同,与CK相比,S3处理显著增加了这些有机碳的含量(P0.05)。各处理土壤有机碳以烷基碳与烷氧基碳为主,其次是芳香碳与羰基碳,秸秆还田增加了烷氧基碳、羰基碳(易分解碳组分)含量,降低了烷基碳和芳香碳(难分解碳组分)含量,与CK相比,S3处理显著增加烷氧基碳含量(P0.05)而显著降低了芳香碳含量(P0.05)。与CK相比,S2、S3处理也显著降低了有机碳的芳香度、疏水碳/亲水碳、烷基碳/烷氧基碳比值(P0.05),而对脂族碳/芳香碳影响不明显。与CK相比,S3处理显著增加了2.00 mm团聚体组分,增加了2.00～0.25 mm组分,而降低了0.25～0.053 mm组分和显著降低了0.053 mm组分(P0.05)。秸秆还田对土壤游离铁、活性铁、螯合铁含量的影响不明显。有机碳官能团组成与土壤因子间的冗余分析表明土壤TOC、MBC含量、团聚体组分、铁离子的改变是导致不同处理间有机碳官能团结构存在差异的重要原因。综上所述,由于短期秸秆还田增加了活性有机碳含量、易分解有机碳组分,减少了难分解有机碳组分,降低了微团聚体物理保护作用,改变了微生物活性和铁离子络合作用,在一定程度上降低了土壤有机碳稳定性,可能导致麦玉复种系统土壤碳排放水平的增加。     

一种四轮转向车辆操纵稳定性仿真分析

对转向时车辆质心侧偏角近似等于零为控制目标的四轮转向车辆操纵稳定性进行仿真分析。在建立四轮转向车辆操纵动力学模型,得到其状态方程的基础上,求解出横摆角速度和侧向加速度与前轮转角的传递函数,借助Matlab/Simulink,进行时域和频域的仿真,并将仿真结果与传统前轮转向车辆做比较,结果表明四轮转向车辆大大提高了车辆的操纵稳定性。     

Repeatability of different stability parameters for grain yield in chickpea

The presence of genotype × environment (GE) interactions in plant breeding experiments has led to the development of several stability parameters in the past few decades. The present study investigated the repeatability of these parameters for 16 chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes by correlating their estimates obtained from extreme subsets of environments within a year and also over years. Based on the estimates of response and stability parameters within each trial, the ranking of genotypes in the low-yielding subset differed from that in the high-yielding subset. This indicates poor repeatability for response and stability parameters over the extreme environmental subsets. The estimates of mean yield and stability parameters represented by ecovalence, W²_i, were consistent over years, whereas those of response parameters (b_i, and S²_i) showed poor repeatability. Our results suggest that single-year results for yield and stability can be used effectively for selecting cultivars with stable grain yield if tested in a wider range of environments.