渭北旱塬旱作节水农业示范区建设模式探讨

在对渭北旱塬水资源、气候资源、土地资源、作物资源等现状全面调查的基础上,提出了渭北旱塬旱作节水农业示范区的建设模式即高标准旱作节水基本农田建设模式、节水农业设备新建与补充模式、高效集雨节灌示范工程建设模式、抗旱节水特色品种和良种繁育引种基地建设模式、节水农业工程建设模式,并对各模式进行了综合探讨和分析。     

植物篱枝叶有机碳分解研究

研究植物篱枝叶的分解和养分矿化过程对该模式下养分的有效利用具有重要意义。在金沙江干热河谷坡耕地上利用分解袋法对新银合欢、山蚂蝗等 6个植物篱树种枝叶的分解进行了研究 ,结果显示山蚂蝗和新银合欢分解最快 ,前 2个星期有机碳分解了48 6 %和 5 0 0 % ;山毛豆和云南合欢次之 ,前 4星期有机碳累积分解量为 5 1 5 %和 45 6 % ;圣诞树和黑荆树分解最慢 ;将枝叶埋入土壤中比覆盖地表分解快。有机碳的分解规律可以用单指数模型Ct=C0 (1 e kt)和双指数模型Ct=C0 1 (1 e k1t) C0 2 (1 e k2 t)拟合 (式中 ,Ct 为有机碳累积分解量占全碳百分数 ,C0 、C0 1 和C0 2 分别为易分解有机碳和难分解有机碳百分数 ,k和k1分别为易分解有机碳分解常数 ,k2 为难分解有机碳分解常数 ) ,双指数模型更具合理性。研究表明有机碳的累积分解量与枝叶初始C/N比呈负相关 ,枝叶分解速度可用有机碳 (或易分解有机碳 )半减期来衡量。     

水分调控对冬小麦同化物分配与水分利用效率的影响研究

试验研究 12个灌溉组合方式对冬小麦干物质积累与分配、产量和水分利用效率的影响结果表明 ,地面灌水条件下不同处理的地上部干物质积累量由高至低依次为田间持水量 65%的处理 >50 %的处理 >80 %的处理 ;地下 3 0cm、50cm和 10 0cm灌水条件下田间持水量 80 %的处理 >65%的处理 >50 %的处理。产量以地下 3 0cm灌水× 80 %田间持水量处理最高 ,为 6512 .4kg/hm2 ,地下 50cm灌水× 50 %田间持水量处理产量最低 ,为3 568.1kg/hm2 。保持相同田间持水量的灌水处理 ,随灌溉深度的增加其作物水分利用效率呈增大趋势。地下3 0cm灌水× 80 %田间持水量处理和地下 3 0cm灌水× 65%田间持水量处理是较合理的节水灌溉组合方式     

Tillage effects on soil organic matter in density fractions of a Cerrado Oxisol

Reclamation of Brazilian cerrados (savannas) has been intensified in the last decades, with implications for soil quality and soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics. Studying the impact of different tillage systems is essential to define better strategies for land use in Cerrado, which may favor C sequestration and improve soil quality. We used density fractionation and ¹³C natural abundance to assess changes in SOM in an Oxisol previously under a cerrado sensu-stricto following 30 years of cultivation. The objectives of the study were to: (i) evaluate the long-term impact of tillage systems on SOM stocks in a Dark Red Latosol (Oxisol) from the Cerrado Biome, and (ii) better understand the dynamics of SOM in different density fractions of this soil. Cultivation led to compaction, which significantly increased soil bulk density. This resulted in the systematic overestimation of C and N stocks in cultivated areas when compared to the natural cerrado. Conversion of the cerrado into cropland using plow tillage (PT) or no-tillage (NT) system did not alter the total C (100 Mg ha⁻¹) and N (7 Mg ha⁻¹) stocks in the first 45 cm depth at the end of 30 years of cultivation. However, about 22% of the total C was replaced by C from maize. The relative replacement of C decreased following the order: free light fraction (F-LF)>heavy fraction (HF)>occluded light fraction (O-LF). The low substitution in the O-LF was attributed to a possible presence of charcoal. Converting cerrado into cropland significantly decreased F-LF quantity. The proportions of C replacement in this fraction were higher in PT than NT, suggesting a faster turnover in PT. Nevertheless, because most C (95%) was held in the HF, C dynamics in the whole soil were controlled by the behavior of this fraction. The maintenance of C levels even at the end of 30 years of cultivation and the lack of differentiation between NT and PT were attributed to the high clay contents and Fe+Al oxi-hydroxides concentrations of the studied soil as well as to a sufficient C supply by the maize crop.     

Soil properties and the macrofauna community in abandoned irrigated rice fields of northeastern Argentina

This study compared soil physical, chemical, and biological characteristics between natural grassland and recently abandoned rice fields in order to identify those variables that might explain the observed increase of Camponotus punctulatus anthills in abandoned rice paddy fields from Northern Argentina. Mainly due to a reduction of macropores and mesopores, overall porosity decreased by around 6% and bulk density was about 7% greater, in the 0- to 10- and 10- to 20-cm layers of the abandoned rice fields. Carbon and nitrogen content from organic matter increased (29% and 41% respectively for the 0- to 20-cm horizon) during cultivation but decreased (38% and 24%) 2 years after the last rice harvest. Forty percent of natural grassland-organic matter and 30% of abandoned rice-organic matter mineralized in less than 2 years. There was a different community structure between the abandoned rice fields and the undisturbed natural grassland and only a 20.6% (i.e. only 19 species from a total of 92) overlap in species composition. The abundance of macrofauna was greater in abandoned rice fields (2,208 individuals m^–2) in comparison to natural grasslands (288 ind m^–2) due to higher densities of small earthworms and Camponotus punctulatus ants; however, the Shannon index showed lower values in comparison to natural grasslands. Earthworms and C. punctulatus in the abandoned rice fields showed a change in their ¹³C signature indicating a switch in diet from natural grassland organic matter (C4) to organic matter from rice (C3). Our results indicate that the effects of rice cultivation practices did not seem to produce any physical or trophic limitations to recolonization by the macrofauna. It seems that changes in overall soil conditions have favored a change in the construction behavior of C. punctulatus which, in combination with population increases, could explain the explosion in number of anthills.     

金沙江干热河谷区退化土壤结构的分形特征研究

分形理论是近年来兴起的一种新的研究工具。分析结果表明 :土壤粒径分布的分形维数能客观地反映退化土壤的结构状况和退化程度 ,可作为退化土壤结构评价的一项综合性定量指标。退化土壤的分形维数与土壤颗粒组成和微团聚体组成之间存在着明显的相关性。土壤中 <0 .0 0 1mm粘粒含量越高 ,>0 .2 5 mm团粒含量越低 ,则分形维数越高 ,结构性越差。对于同一土壤退化系列 ,分形维数越高 ,土壤退化越严重。     

地膜覆盖下土壤有机质的分解与积累

还田有机物在地膜覆盖下的分解略高于露地栽培,腐殖化系数为0.17～0.41,土壤有机质的年亩矿化量为92～164kg.有机无机肥配施,对土壤有机质的贡献高于不施肥、单施化肥和单施有机肥,尤其是未经分解的有机物,适量配施化肥,明显优于等氮量的腐熟有机肥.为此,要重新组合农业措施.以调整土壤有机质分解与积累之间的关系.     

棉花各器官干物质分配规律的数学模型

１９９１－１９９３年通过大田试验，对棉花不同群体干物质在各器官的积累与分配规律进行了曲线拟合。结果表明，在官干物质积累均呈不同程度偏斜的Ｓ形曲线，而棉株士物质在各器官间分配规律则因器官的不同各有不同。根、果枝及果枝叶呈抛物线形曲线，主茎为ｙ＝＝ａｘｅ＾ｂｘ形曲线，主茎叶为ｙ＝（ａ＋ｂｘ）／ｓ形曲线；蕾为“钟形”曲线，铃呈Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ曲线，此外，对群体密度的影响也进行了探讨，在试验密度范围内，群     

苗期调亏处理对玉米根系生长影响的试验研究

以玉米为试验材料 ,利用盆栽试验研究了调亏灌溉对苗期根系形态、活力和干物质累积的影响。试验结果表明 :调亏灌溉减少根系干物质累积 ,根冠比、平均根长和根系活力 ( TTC还原量 )提高 ;单株根系条数下降 ;根系活力在复水后仍保持较高水平。表明调亏在量上抑制根系生长 ,但在形态和吸收功能上表现出一定的补偿效应。     

基于光谱FOD与优化指数的银川平原土壤有机质含量反演

土壤有机质（SOM）是土壤肥力的重要组成部分,是作物生长的主要养分来源。为探究分数阶微分（FOD）联合优化光谱指数对低肥力地区SOM的反演效果,以银川平原为研究对象,对野外土壤高光谱反射率原始数据进行0~2阶FOD处理（间隔0.2阶）,构建优化光谱指数DI/RDI、DI/NDI、NDI/RDI、RDI/NDI、DI/GDI和RI/GDI,分析各指数与土壤有机质含量间的二维相关性,筛选出最佳优化光谱指数,并建立基于支持向量机（SVM）的SOM含量反演模型。结果表明：银川平原SOM含量整体偏低,其中93.05%处于四级到六级水平。土壤野外原始光谱反射率吸收特征差异明显,在1400、1900nm处有明显吸收峰。随着分数阶的不断增加,光谱反射率不断趋近于0。土壤DI/NDI、DI/GDI、RI/GDI、NDI/RDI和RDI/NDI在0~2阶最大相关系数绝对值（MACC）均小于0.80,DI/RDI在0.2~2.0阶范围内的MACC为0.9965~0.9986,其敏感波段主要集中在1450~1750nm和2100~2400nm之间。基于0.2阶微分处理的DI/RDI-SVM模型对SOM的反演精度最佳,建模决定系数R2c和验证决定系数R2p分别为0.98和0.99,相对分析误差（RPD）为4.31。研究结果可为低肥力地区的SOM含量快速、准确反演及制图提供科学依据。