长期喷灌条件下土壤剖面理化特性的变化研究

基于不同灌溉类型区土壤剖面理化性质的取样分析,对喷灌区、纯井灌区、河灌区及非灌溉区2m深度土壤剖面的理化性质进行了比较分析,揭示了长期喷灌条件下的土壤剖面理化性质的变化特征。结果表明,喷灌区与其他灌溉类型区相比,全剖面,尤其是心土层和底土层的含水率有较大幅度降低;犁底层及其以下一定深度范围内土层的干密度有较大幅度的增加...     

压片式微喷带单孔水量分布特性试验研究

试验研究了不同工作压力(0.1MPa和0.15 MPa)、不同喷射角度(43°、65°和79°)和不同喷孔直径(0.5、0.6和0.7mm)对压片式微喷带水量分布的影响。试验结果表明,干燥区宽度、湿润区长度和湿润区面积主要受喷射角度影响,均随喷射角度的增大而减小;湿润区宽度相对稳定,但在0.15MPa下,随着喷孔直径的增大有明显的增加趋势;平均灌水强度随着喷射角度、喷孔直径和工作压力的增大均有增加趋势,其中喷射角度影响最为明显。     

Deficit irrigation based on drought tolerance and root signalling in potatoes and tomatoes

Agriculture is a big consumer of fresh water in competition with other sectors of the society. Within the EU-project SAFIR new water-saving irrigation strategies were developed based on pot, semi-field and field experiments with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and processing tomatoes as model plants. From the pot and semi-field experiments an ABA production model was developed for potatoes to optimize the ABA signalling; this was obtained by modelling the optimal level of soil drying for ABA production before re-irrigation in a crop growth model. The field irrigation guidelines were developed under temperate (Denmark), Mediterranean (Greece, Italy) and continental (Serbia, China) climatic conditions during summer. The field investigations on processing tomatoes were undertaken only in the Po valley (North Italy) on fine, textured soil. The investigations from several studies showed that gradual soil drying imposed by deficit irrigation (DI) or partial root zone drying irrigation (PRD) induced hydraulic and chemical signals from the root system resulting in partial stomatal closure, an increase in photosynthetic water use efficiency, and a slight reduction in top vegetative growth. Further PRD increased N-mineralization significantly beyond that from DI, causing a stay-green effect late in the growing season. In field potato and tomato experiments the water-saving irrigation strategies DI and PRD were able to save about 20-30% of the water used in fully irrigated plants. PRD increased marketable yield in potatoes significantly by 15% due to improved tuber size distribution. PRD increased antioxidant content significantly by approximately 10% in both potatoes and fresh tomatoes. Under a high temperature regime, full irrigation (FI) should be undertaken, as was clear from field observations in tomatoes. For tomatoes full irrigation should be undertaken for cooling effects when the night/day average temperature >26.5 °C or when air temperature >40 °C to avoid flower-dropping. The temperature threshold for potatoes is not clear. From three-year field drip irrigation experiments we found that under the establishment phase, both potatoes and tomatoes should be fully irrigated; however, during the later phases deficit irrigation might be applied as outlined below without causing significant yield reduction:

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Potatoes

°

After the end of tuber initiation, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

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Fresh tomatoes

°

From the moment the 1st truce is developed, DI is applied at 85-80% of FI for two weeks. In the middle period, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

•

Processing tomatoes

°

From transplanting to fruit setting at 4th-5th cluster, the PRD and DI threshold for re-irrigation is when the plant-available soil water content (ASWC) equals 0.7 (soil water potential, Ψ_soil = −90 kPa). During the late fruit development/ripening stage, 10% of red fruits, the threshold for re-irrigation for DI is when ASWC = 0.5 (Ψ_soil = −185 kPa) and for PRD when ASWC (dry side) = 0.4 (Ψ_{soil, dry side} = −270 kPa).

The findings during the SAFIR project might be used as a framework for implementing water-saving deficit irrigation under different local soil and climatic conditions.     

我国旱作地区坐水播种机械的研究

坐水播种机械是我国典型的行走式节水灌溉机具,适用于我国北方干旱、半干旱地区抗旱播种,抗旱增产效果明显。为此,介绍了机械化坐水播种技术的原理、产生及发展,分析了我国坐水播种机械的研究与应用现状,探讨了我国穴灌坐水播种的主要机型及技术特点。同时,针对目前穴灌坐水播种机存在的问题,提出了我国坐水播种机械的发展研究方向。     

调亏灌溉下滴灌玉米根冠生长与水分动态响应特征

以玉米为试验材料,在自动感应式遮雨棚下,采用测坑微区试验方法,研究黑龙江西部滴灌条件下调亏灌溉对作物根冠生长、干物质分配特征、根冠比、耗水特征及植株伤流量的影响。以土壤相对含水率(占田间持水率的百分数)为控制上下限,设置5个水分调亏处理,分别为苗期轻度(60%~70%FC)处理,苗期中度(50%~60%FC)处理,拔节期轻度(60%~70%FC)处理,拔节期中度(50%~60%FC)处理,苗期中度、拔节期轻度处理,另设全生育期保持适宜土壤水分(70%~80%FC)作为对照。试验结果表明,调亏灌溉不改变玉米根部和冠部生长的原有总趋势,也不改变冠部各器官生长的基本趋势,但是显著地增大了作物根冠比(R/S),复水后根、冠补偿生长效应明显,促进光合同化产物向生殖器官的运转与分配,增大了生育后期干物质向果穗的分配率。苗期中度处理和拔节期轻度处理的玉米,在调亏期间使根系维持较高的根质量,水分胁迫复水后根系活力明显提高,其伤流量表现出超补偿效应,在灌浆期仍保持较高的伤流量并且在生育后期仍保持有较高的根冠比(R/S),是协调玉米根冠生长关系的适宜水分调亏处理。     

滴灌加工番茄叶面积、干物质生产与积累模拟模型

以生理发育时间为时间尺度,建立了基于生理发育时间(PDT)的加工番茄叶面积指数(LAI)、比叶面积(SLA)模拟模型,并将叶面积指数模型与基于生理生态过程的光合作用和干物质生产模型相结合,构建了滴灌加工番茄干物质生产与积累的模拟模型。结果表明:PDT法对加工番茄叶面积指数(LAI)与1∶1直线间的决定系数R2、根均方差(RMSE)和模型效率指数(ME)分别为0.926 5、12.87%、0.972 4;SLA法模拟叶面积指数的预测结果与1∶1直线间的R2、RMSE和ME分别为0.675 8、42.24%、0.712 4。本模型对加工番茄地上部干物质量的预测结果与1∶1直线间的R2、RMSE和ME分别为0.990 3、11.91%、0.990 1;而SLA法对加工番茄地上部干物质量的预测结果与1∶1直线间的R2、RMSE和ME分别为0.895 6、31.29%、0.750 4。与SLA法相比,PDT法在改善加工番茄叶面积指数预测精度的同时亦提高了干物质量的预测精度。     

JMF-3A型麦芽辊式破碎机的研制

为了满足小型啤酒坊、酒店及家庭对自酿鲜啤酒的生产需要,研制了一种与小型啤酒生产线配套使用的麦芽辊式破碎机。通过solidworks建模运动仿真和生产试验证明,该机生产效率高,破碎效果好,结构紧凑,运转平稳,安全性好且整机振动小,噪音低。满足了市场需求,提高了经济和社会效益。     

凤城市耕地土壤有机质时空变化研究

为掌握凤城市耕地土壤的肥力状况,对比分析近25 a的土壤有机质含量变化情况。结果表明:近25 a凤城市各乡镇(区)土壤有机质平均含量由较缺乏转化为中等水平;随着耕作年限的增加,较小比例的五级(缺乏)水平耕地消失。     

不同水分管理旱直播水稻生长生理与节水效应

为了探讨东北黑土区水稻高效节水种植模式,于2017年在黑龙江省庆安县采用测坑微区试验,研究了旱直播对水稻光合特性、各器官生物产量、干物质累积速率、根冠比、伤流强度、产量水分利用效率(WUEy)、叶片水分利用效率(WUEl)和产量因子等的影响。试验设置了3个处理:滴灌旱直播(DH)、漫灌旱直播(MH)和常规插秧淹灌(CK),并以CK处理作为对照。结果表明:DH与MH处理的净光合速率Pn(分蘖末期除外)、蒸腾速率Tr、气孔导度Gs、以及叶、鞘、茎、穗等冠部干物质累积量、冠部干物质累积速率(分蘖中期至末期除外)、冠部最大累积速率在整个生育期均低于CK,但WUEl、根部干物质累积量(分蘖前期和中期除外)、根部干物质累积速率、根系活力(分蘖中期与拔节孕穗期除外)均高于CK。3个处理的胞间CO2浓度Ci整个生育期波动幅度不大。根部和总干物质最大累积速率及各生育期根冠比以DH最大,CK最小。DH与MH处理的千粒质量和结实率较CK下降不显著(P0.05),穗长和穗粒数下降显著(P0.05),有效穗数上升显著(P0.05)。DH较CK、MH分别节省灌溉用水63.88%和39.52%,WUEy分别提高2.66倍和1.64倍。滴灌旱直播种植不仅大幅度减少了灌溉用水量,显著提高了水稻的WUEy,而且具有较为可观的经济效益和显著的社会效益。研究结果可为东北黑土区水稻种植模式的选取提供技术支撑,对保障黑土区农业水土资源可持续利用具有重要意义。     

五味子的深层次综合开发研究

五味子的深层次综合开发研究孔四新，贾绪初，李延福（河南省济源市水土保持研究所，４５４６５０）五味子，一种盛产于我国广大山区的野果，属木兰科多年生木质藤本植物，因其果具有酸、甜、苦、辛、咸五昧故而得名，历史上多作药用。近年来，这一野生植物的营养保健价值...