阿维菌素及其复配药剂对稻纵卷叶螟田间防治效果

为筛选防治稻纵卷叶螟的高效、低毒、低残留杀虫剂,在南昌用阿维菌素及其复配药剂进行了砌间药效试验。试验结果表明,37％阿维菌素·丙溴磷乳油（卡蒙,含2％阿维菌素和35％丙澳磷）和2％阿维菌素乳油对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果最好,每667m^2用150ml的卡蒙和2％阿维菌素乳油对稻纵卷叶螟的72h校正死亡率分别为86．2％和87．3％,10d的保叶效果分别为87．5％和87．2％,且对水稻生长安全,具有应用价值。     

抗阿维菌素小菜蛾的细胞色素P450酶系研究

通过对不同发育时期敏感和抗阿维菌素小菜蛾品系细胞色素P450含量的测定,以及使用不同模式底物对P450单加氧酶活性的比较研究发现:除成虫期外,不同发育时期抗性品系小菜蛾中P450和细胞色素b5的含量都高于敏感品系;抗性品系还原型辅酶Ⅱ(NADPH)-细胞色素P450还原酶活性是敏感品系的1.97倍;同时发现抗性品系中甲氧试卤灵-O-脱甲基酶(MROD)、乙氧试卤灵-O-脱乙基酶(EROD)、乙氧基香豆素-O-脱乙基酶(ECOD)以及对硝基苯甲醚-O-脱甲基酶(PNOD)的活性均明显高于敏感品系,分别为敏感品系的9.41、4.15、1.67和2.94倍。研究结果表明,细胞色素P450含量和单加氧酶活性的增高是小菜蛾对阿维菌素产生抗性的一个重要机制。     

抗梅岭霉素和阿维菌素二斑叶螨种群生命力和繁殖力的研究

采用营养液培养的棉苗饲养二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch,用梅岭霉素、阿维菌素对其逐代进行抗性选育,至第9代,测定了两个抗性种群的抗性水平、生命力和繁殖力。结果表明:梅岭霉素抗性种群的抗性达7.9倍,其雌成螨寿命、产卵量、卵的孵化率和后代若螨成活率分别比对照增加54.08%、39.93%、6.57%和-15.44%。阿维菌素抗性种群的抗性达5.8倍,其雌成螨寿命、产卵量、卵的孵化率和后代若螨成活率分别比对照增加15.88%、10.87%、5.86%和-9.32%。由此发现梅岭霉素和阿维菌素对二斑叶螨的生长发育和繁殖有一定有利作用,抗性风险性较大,应引起重视。     

氟虫腈等7种杀虫剂对鲫鱼的毒性及安全性试验研究

本文研究了氟虫腈等杀虫剂对鲫鱼的急性毒性作用。室内毒力测定结果表明:溴氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯对鲫鱼的毒性最高,毒死蜱、三唑磷毒性较高,氟虫腈、阿维菌素较安全,杀虫双对鲫鱼最安全。大田实验结果与室内实验结果基本一致,只是溴氰菊酯在稻田环境下,对鲫鱼的急性毒性大幅度下降。     

Comparative effects of abamectin and two formulations of ivermectin on the survival of larvae of a dung-breeding fly

Objectives To compare the survival of larvae of a dung-breeding fly in the faeces of cattle treated either with an injectable formulation of abamectin, or with oral or injectable formulations of ivermectin.
Design Replicated bioassays were conducted on larvae of the bush fly, Musca vetustissima, using faeces collected before and at intervals after drug treatment.
Animals Two cows and their calves were allocated to each of three drug treatments and dosed according to individual weights.
Procedures Differences in the proportions of larvae pupariating were used as measures of the toxicity of drug residues.
Results Development of fly larvae was inhibited in all faeces collected 1 to 4 days after treatment. In cattle treated with oral ivermectin, there was reduced larval survival in faeces collected 8 and 16 days after treatment, but by day 32, survival was equivalent to that recorded in the faeces of untreated cattle. With injectable ivermectin, there was no survival at day 8, limited survival at day 16 and, at day 32, survival was not significantly affected. With injectable abamectin, survival was completely suppressed until day 32, at which time the number of pupariating larvae did not differ significantly from that recorded in faeces from untreated animals.
Conclusion The oral formulation of ivermectin is eliminated more rapidly than the injectable formulation and, as a consequence, is likely to be less harmful to dung-feeding insects. Abamectin and ivermectin appear to equally toxic larvae of M vetustissima.     

10%氟虫双酰胺·阿维菌素悬浮剂防治稻纵卷叶螟效果研究

10%氟虫双酰胺·阿维菌素悬浮剂防治稻纵卷《螟效果研究结果表明:10%氟虫双酰胺·阿维菌素悬浮剂450~600 kg/hm2于低龄幼虫高峰期施药防治稻纵卷《螟幼虫,效果可达90%以上,无药害,值得推广。     

介孔活性炭表面改性对两种农用抗生素吸附性能的影响

研究了介孔活性炭通过用硝酸和氨水进行表面改性后对2种农用抗生素——阿维菌素和井冈霉素吸附性能的影响。结果表明:硝酸可增加介孔活性炭表面的酸性亲水基团,从而增加了对亲水性药物井冈霉素的吸附量,但却降低了对疏水性药物阿维菌素的吸附量;但当硝酸质量分数超过55%、温度超过60 ℃时,硝酸的强氧化作用会破坏活性炭的部分孔隙结构,使其对井冈霉素的吸附量有所下降。与之相反,氨水则因减少了介孔活性炭表面的酸性亲水基团而对阿维菌素的吸附量有所上升。利用SAS统计软件进行相关性分析,证实介孔活性炭表面酸性基团数量、尤其是羧基的数量与其对井冈霉素和阿维菌素的吸附量呈极显著相关,相关系数分别为0.560 2和-0.873 7。由此推断:增加介孔活性炭表面的酸性亲水基团,可以在一定程度上增加活性炭对亲水性药物的吸附量;而增加疏水性基团,则可以增加其对疏水性药物的吸附量。     

Effect of abamectin on root-knot nematodes and tomato yield

BACKGROUND: Tomato growers in Shandong Province, China, commonly face heavy root‐knot nematode infestations. Current methods of control include cadusafos and methyl bromide (MeBr), but alternative methods are required because of the high toxicity of these pesticides and the ecological risk of their use. Therefore, abamectin soil applications were evaluated for their potential to control soil nematodes in a series of laboratory tests, greenhouse pot experiments and field trials. RESULTS: Laboratory tests showed that abamectin exhibited rapid knockdown of Meloidogyne incognita, with LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values that were superior to those of cadusafos and averaged 7.06 and 21.81 mg L^?1. In the greenhouse pot experiment, soil applications of abamectin provided significant M. incognita control similar to that provided by cadusafos while maintaining excellent plant height and vigour. In the field trials, abamectin exhibited excellent control effects to nematodes while giving a higher tomato yield. There was a 19.3–39.0% yield increase from the various treatments compared with the control, and the best results were obtained from the highest dose of abamectin. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrated that abamectin has the potential to be used as an effective alternative to MeBr and cadusafos for nematode control in tomato production in Shandong Province. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

阿维菌素水解动力学的研究

采用仪器分析和室内培养方法研究了阿维菌素在不同pH值和温度条件下的降解动力学情况，以及在三种实际水样中的水解情况。结果表明，阿维菌素在中性条件下比较稳定，而在酸性和碱性条件下水解很快；水解速率随温度升高而加快；另外阿维菌素在实际水样中的半衰期略长。     

10％氟虫双酰胺·阿维菌素悬浮剂防治稻纵卷叶螟的效果研究

[目的]探讨10%氟虫双酰胺·阿维菌素悬浮剂对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果和使用技术。[方法]测定了10%氟虫双酰胺·阿维菌素悬浮剂300、450、600 ml/hm23个施用量对稻纵卷叶螟的田间防治效果。[结果]10%氟虫双酰胺·阿维菌素悬浮剂对稻纵卷叶螟具有较好的防治效果。药后3 d,10%氟虫双酰胺·阿维菌素悬浮剂用药300、450、600 ml/hm2对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的防治效果分别为94.91%、96.11%和96.84%;药后7 d的防治效果分别为96.45%、99.23%和99.36%;药后14 d对水稻的保叶效果分别为97.97%、98.38%和98.49%。[结论]为该药剂的进一步推广应用及水稻害虫的控制提供了参考。