Acid soil tolerance of leucaena species in greenhouse trials

Abstract

Lines of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit were grown in greenhouse pots of an acid, Al‐toxic Tatum subsoil (clayey, mixed, thermic typic Hapludult) treated with 0 or 3000 ppm CaCO₃ to give final soil pH values of 4.1 and 5.3, respectively. Lines of L. leucocephala, plus those of other Leucaena species, were also tested on an acid, Monmouth soil (clayey, mixed, mesic, typic Hapludult) treated with 0 or 1500 ppm CaCO₃ to give final soil pH values of 4.8 and 6.6, respectively. The major index of acid soil tolerance used was relative root yield (unlimed/limed %).

Relative root yields of 117 L. leucocephala lines on Tatum soil ranged from 34 to 246%. Hence, liming the soil from pH 4.1 to 5.3 was highly beneficial to some lines and highly detrimental to others. Because Tatum subsoil is 89% Al saturated at pH 4.1, line tolerance to unlimed soil indicates tolerance to Al. Causes of yield depression at pH 5.3 were not determined.

On Monmouth soil, in a test involving 148 lines of 6 Leucaena species, relative root yields (unlimed/limed %) ranged from 23 to 386%. The line showing highest tolerance to the acid soil (P.I. 279578) and that showing lowest tolerance (P.I? 281636) are both L,. leucocephala. The majority of lines used on Monmouth soil (124 of a total of 148) were from this species. Average performances of the 6 species indicated that L. diversifolia Benth. (5 lines) was most tolerant to the acid Monmouth soil and liming the soil from pH 4.8 to 6.6 actually decreased root yields. The species L.. leucocephala (124 entries) and L. pulverulenta Benth. (4 lines) were intermediate, and L. lanceolata S. Wats. (3 lines) and I., retusa Benth. (1 line) appeared more sensitive to acid Monmouth soil. The Al saturation of Monmouth soil at pH 4.8 was only 23% (compared with 89% for Tatum at pH 4.1). The major growth limiting factor in acid Monmouth soil is believed to be Al toxicity, but this soil has not been as throughly characterized as has Tatum, and other factors may well be involved in explaining differential tolerances of Leucaena lines on the unlimed versus limed soil.

Results of these studies indicate that Leucaena species and lines within species differ significantly in tolerance to acid soils having high levels of exchangeable Al. Acid soil tolerant lines of Leucaena may be useful in expanding the acreage of this crop on oxisols and ultisols of the tropics and subtropics.     

利用SSR技术构建多花黑麦草品种指纹图谱

通过构建我国多花黑麦草主栽品种的SSR标记指纹图谱数据库,以实现对多花黑麦草品种的快速、准确鉴定.本研究利用SSR标记,基于多态性高、稳定性强和连锁群分布均匀的原则,从100对多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)基因组来源的SSR引物中,筛选出12对引物用来构建了21个多花黑麦草品种(系)的指纹图谱.12对SSR引物共扩增出108种多态性基因型,多态性比率达94.15％,每对引物的基因型从5～22种不等,平均每对引物扩增出9种基因型,多态性信息量(PIC)变幅为0.744～0.934,平均为0.843,此12对引物可以在构建多花黑麦草品种DNA指纹数据库作为核心引物推荐使用.21个多花黑麦草品种(系)基因型间遗传相似性系数在0.4956～0.8571之间,UPGMA聚类分析表明,在相似系数0.69处可将全部材料分为3大类.7对引物在9个品种上具有唯一特征带,采用15-08C单对引物即可将21个多花黑麦草品种完全区分开,该对引物不仅多态性高(PIC=0.934),且具备多个品种的特征谱带.基于该引物建立了供试品种指纹图谱标准模式图,每个品种具有唯一的指纹图谱(带型),为牧草品种的审定和保护以及选配优良杂交组合培育新品种提供了重要的理论依据.     

冬枣花药愈伤组织的诱导及原生质体分离

[研究目的]研究冬枣花药愈伤组织的诱导,悬浮系的建立和培养及愈伤悬浮系原生质体的分离.[方法]以冬枣花药为试材,通过选择愈伤诱导培养基和原生质体分离所用酶的浓度找到最佳诱导和分离条件.[结论]使用1/2MS基本培养基附加TDZ 0.2 mg/L、NAA 0.5 mg/L和PVP 2.0 g/L,对诱导冬枣花药愈伤组织有较好效果;愈伤组织增殖采用培养基1/2MS+TDZ 0.4mg/L+NAA0.2mg/L;悬浮细胞系培养采用1/2MS+TDZ 0.4 mg/L+NAA0.2 mg/L液体培养基;冬枣花药愈伤组织悬浮系原生质体分离时以0.6M甘露醇+0.1%MES+20～25 g/L纤维素酶.酶解时间为16h时得到的原生质体产量和活力较高.     

Value of permanent grassland habitats as reservoirs of Festuca pratensis Huds. and Lolium multiflorum Lam. populations for breeding and conservation

European natural and semi-natural grassland form reservoirs of genetic resources containing highly adapted and variable ecotype populations of forage plants. Variation within these reservoirs is stimulated by variation in natural and anthropogenic site-related factors. Changes in agricultural practices lead to the loss of many characteristic habitats. In order to preserve resources for breeding, targeted conservation strategies for germplasm in gene banks (ex-situ) or on site (in-situ) are needed. In order to define site-related criteria for the potential of habitats to preserve valuable resources for breeding and conservation, 38 different habitats across Switzerland were selected to collect Festuca pratensis Huds. and Lolium multiflorum Lam. ecotype populations. Phenotypic variation and population differentiation of 60 single plants were evaluated in a field experiment using 16 morpho-physiological traits. For F. pratensis, ecotype populations and cultivars were clearly separated and there was a significant correlation between diversity of morphological traits and geographic location of sampling sites. For L. multiflorum no clear separation of ecotype populations and cultivars was observed suggesting gene flow from adjacent temporary leys into permanent grassland. Several ecotype populations were superior to cultivars in important traits such as early heading or resistance to winter damage, indicating the importance of natural habitats as a reservoir of genetic resources for breeding. In conclusion, maintenance of permanent grassland in contrasting environments appears to be a promising strategy for preserving valuable genetic variation of forage grasses. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

4个台湾青枣品种的组培技术研究

以种植于大棚内的4个台湾青枣品种2年生嫁接苗嫩梢作外植体,进行了外植体表面灭菌,在培养基中添加不同浓度6-BA、IBA、KT、NAA激素的启动、分化、生根培养的组培技术研究。结果表明:台湾青枣嫩梢外植体表灭菌,用0.1%HgC l2消毒液二次灭菌的效果为好,其组培适宜的外植体为一年生健壮枝条的茎尖和带腋芽的茎段,4月份为最佳的采集时间。台湾青枣4个品种(五千种、黄冠、高朗一号、蜜枣)最适的启动培养基均为MS 6-BA1.0 mg/L IBA0.1 mg/L。分化培养基则存在显著差异,不同品种拟选用不同的培养基;台湾青枣普遍存在组培苗生根困难的问题,其"五千种"组培的适宜生根培养基为:1/2MS IBA0.2 mg/L NAA0.4 mg/L。     

乙烯利处理对毛叶枣果实采后保护酶活性及膜透性的影响

以毛叶枣为材料,研究了贮藏期间乙烯利处理对其果实中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、脂氧合酶(LOX)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、膜透性(MP)等指标的变化。结果表明:枣果实衰老软化过程中,膜透性增大,SOD活性呈波浪式下降,POD活性呈阶梯状下降,MDA含量上升,LOX活性提高。     

桦树柠条混交林生长效应的试验

通过对桦树柠条混交林及桦树纯林、柠条纯林的林木生长量、林分生物量、根系分布规律等的调查研究,结果表明,混交林的桦树高生长量比纯林桦树提高47．6％～119．5％,胸径提高44．1％～143．1％;混交林的林木生长量及单株生物量均高于纯林;混交林中桦树根系分布比纯林均匀,使林木充分利用土壤养分、水分、空间,利于林木的生长。     

冬枣优良单株果实品质的因子分析与综合评价#br#

 【目的】建立一套适合冬枣果实品质评价的方法,探求冬枣果实品质评价中的主要影响因子,并为选择品质优良的冬枣单株(或候选单株)提供依据。【方法】测定20项冬枣优良单株的果实品质指标,采用隶属函数法对各项指标数据进行转化,采用SPSS13.0软件进行因子分析,采用四次方最大旋转法获得因子载荷矩阵,以公因子贡献率为权重,计算样品前6个公因子分值与相应权重之积的累加和,得到综合分值,结合公因子的二维排序图进行优良单株的选择。【结果】转化后的数据经因子分析,提取出6个特征根＞1的公因子,累计方差贡献率为80.571%,第1公因子为果实甜脆因子,方差贡献率为26.257%,第2公因子为果重及其它内质因子,方差贡献率为16.734%,第3公因子为果皮质地因子,方差贡献率为14.503%,第4公因子为果实外观因子,方差贡献率为9.091%,第5公因子和第6公因子统称为其它因子;二维排序图揭示了不同优良单株前3个公因子的分布情况,可以为冬枣选优提供参照;20份冬枣优良单株及对照的综合排序为：16、22、14、15、18、5、12、17、4、21、1、19、8、10、13、6、2、7、3、CK和20号。【结论】隶属函数法同时考虑到果实品质指标对评价体系的正、负影响,采用该法转化的数据适于进行因子分析;影响冬枣优良单株果实品质综合评价的关键因子依次是果实甜脆因子、果重及其它内质因子、果皮质地因子、果实外观因子和其它因子;20份优良单株及对照冬枣的综合评价结果为：16、22、15和18号综合品质性状较优,可作为候选单株,结合其它性状进行下一步筛选,其它单株不宜选择。     

华北东部低平原红枣产业的现状、问题及解决途径

华北东部低平原金丝小枣产区是我国最大的红枣产区,产区跨越山东、河北及天津3个省(市)的近30个县(市、区)。文章在简要叙述区域内红枣产业(含冬枣产业)发展现状的基础上,从宏观高度分析了当前红枣产业发展中存在的重大问题,并提出了解决这些问题的重要途径。     

枣果贮藏期红粉病菌鉴定及环境因子对其分生孢子萌发的影响

 在山西省临县、太谷县发现枣贮藏期红粉病,发病初期果实表面出现圆形或椭圆形的白色絮状霉点,后期形成较厚粉状霉层。从病样中分离获得2株代表性菌株,通过病原菌分离培养、致病性测定、形态学特征及ITS序列特征分析,确定引起枣贮藏期红粉病的致病菌为粉红单端孢(Trichothecium roseum)。适合该病菌分生孢子萌发的温度为20℃~25℃,相对湿度为大于75%,pH=4~10,致死温度为48℃、处理10 min。适宜芽管生长的温度为20℃~25℃,相对湿度为大于75%,最适pH=6。本研究结果可为枣贮藏期红粉病的诊断和防治措施的制定提供理论依据。