Conservation of transnational species: The tensions between legal requirements and best scientific evidence

1. This paper describes the tensions between the legal requirements for conservation and the most beneficial biological practice for mobile transnational marine species, using the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in European Atlantic waters as a case study.
2. Harbour porpoise are the smallest and one of the most abundant cetaceans occurring throughout the European continental shelf waters, and are affected by human activities occurring in the same waters, especially certain fishing activities.
3. The Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (the Bern Convention) and its implementing legislation the Council Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora 92/43/EEC (i.e. the Habitats Directive) are the main legal drivers for species conservation throughout the European Union. They aim for the long-term achievement of favourable conservation status and make provision for the use of two conservation measures: protected areas and strict protection measures. The strict protection measures aim to ensure that all forms of deliberate killing are prevented, and that where incidental killing and capture occurs, it does not have a negative effect on conservation status.
4. The conservation of harbour porpoise is currently dependent upon tackling the key issue of bycatch in fisheries. However, in challenges to Member States on their application of the Habitats Directive, the European Commission has chosen to focus on site designation rather than the implementation of the strict protection measures required to monitor and, where necessary, reduce bycatch.
5. This tension between a legal focus on the designation of protected areas instead of tackling threats such as bycatch has potentially led to negative conservation consequences for harbour porpoise and, in part, may explain why wider marine biodiversity has continued to deteriorate in Europe.

     

乙醇等有机溶剂对肿瘤细胞PC12的毒性剂量分析

分析一定浓度的甲醇、乙醇、丙酮和甘油作用下肿瘤细胞 PC12形态和生存率的变化,确定上述有机溶剂对细胞的毒性剂量。研究发现,PC12细胞对上述溶剂表现出不同的耐受性,其中乙醇的毒性剂量最低,20 ml/L浓度作用24 h细胞生存率就下降近40%;该浓度的丙酮和甲醇干预 PC12细胞24 h对应的细胞生存率则分别下降约20%和15%;甘油的作用相对缓和,但随着干预浓度逐渐增大时,也表现明显的细胞毒性。该研究可为后续药理研究提供参考资料。     

HIV-1可溶性单链抗体b12-scFv的表达与活性分析

【目的】合成并克隆HIV-1单克隆抗体b12的单链抗体基因,在大肠杆菌中诱导表达,并分析表达产物的活性。【方法】以单抗b12的重链和轻链全基因为模板,分别扩增其可变区基因片段后,用重叠PCR的方法将二者拼接起来,形成scFv-VL-Linker-VH结构,并将其插入pET28a载体,构建原核表达载体pETb12-scFv。将pETb12-scFv转入大肠杆菌BL21StarTM(DE3),经IPTG诱导表达,对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE分析;用Ni-NTA金属螯合层析柱对表达产物进行分离纯化,用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)、荧光显微镜和流式细胞仪(FCM)检测纯化蛋白与HIV-1gp120的结合活性。【结果】得到了b12的单链抗体基因b12-scFv,长度为768bp;SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示,b12-scFv表达量较高,蛋白质分子质量约为29ku,主要以可溶性蛋白的形式存在,但也有部分形成不溶的包涵体;纯化后蛋白的产量约为2mg/L;活性检测结果表明,b12-scFv对分泌表达和锚定在细胞膜表面的HIV-1gp120都具有良好的特异性结合活性。【结论】单链抗体b12-scFv可以用于HIV-1受体结合位点的表位检测。     

Bubble distribution of Cr12N high-pressure solidification ingot

There are a number of bubbles when Cr12N stainless steel is smelted. But its number is smaller and smaller with the increasing of solidification pressure. When the melting pressure is 0.6 MPa and the solidification pressure increases from 1.0 to 1.6 MPa, the average number of bubbles decreases from 46.37 to 9.46 per square millimeter. Bubble number is reduced by 20.4%. The number of bubbles whose diameters are greater than 20 μm is reduced to 17.4%, while the number of bubbles whose diameters are less than 5μm increases by 37.7%. With 0.3 MPa melting pressure and 1.6 MPa solidification pressure, the average bubble size content near the lower surface is 23.9% of that near the upper surface. Average bubble size content at the edge is 25.9% of that at the center. According to the actual nitrogen content in steel ingot calculated by the established mathematical model, no bubbles of high nitrogen steel ingot may be obtained when melting pressure is 0.6 MPa and solidification pressure increases to 1.8 MPa.     

马铃薯扦插生根剂的筛选

对CIP(国际马铃薯中心)推荐的改良生根剂A(200 mg/kg IBA+100 mg/kg NAA+175 mg/kg硼酸+20 mL吐温-80, pH=5.5)和自制新型生根剂B(100 g/kg蔗糖+50 mg/kg青霉素, pH=5.5~5.8)、 C(75 g/kg蔗糖+50 mg/kg青霉素+25 mg/kg头孢霉素, pH=5.5~5.8)进行了对比试验,结果表明,自制新型生根剂B较改良生根剂A和自制生根剂C对马铃薯扦插苗的成活率、茎粗以及其它性状具有明显的促进作用.     

Avenin diversity analysis of the genus Avena (oat). Relevance for people with celiac disease

Oat is widely consumed by people with celiac disease (CD). Its safety has been disputed because two peptides from oat avenins can be recognized as T cell epitopes by some CD patients. Differential signals of gluten-specific monoclonal antibodies and in-vitro T cells to oat varieties have suggested the existence of differences in immunogenicity. We aimed to clarify the nature of such responses by cloning avenin genes from 13 Avena species. A single oat plant contained up to 10 avenin genes. Avenin proteins clustered in four groups of which two contained the two avenin CD epitopes. All Avena species examined harbored avenins of these two groups, and as a consequence all contained avenins with the two avenin-specific epitopes, which makes it very unlikely to find oat cultivars that are devoid of these sequences. The established gluten epitopes from wheat, rye and barley were not present in oat avenins; some variants with two and three amino acid substitutions occurred, but they were predicted not to resist proteolysis in the gastro-intestinal tract. Perfect recognition sites of antibodies R5 and G12 were also not present in avenins. Thus, their signals to oat should not be interpreted as differences in immunogenicity for CD patients.     

Minocycline suppresses sodium nitroprusside-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells by regulating PI3K/Akt signaling

AIM：To explore the role of PI3K/Akt signaling in the anti-apoptotic effect of minocyline (MC) on the apoptosis of PC12 cells induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP). METHODS：PC12 cells were divided into 4 groups: blank control group, SNP (500 μmol/L) group, MC (10 μmol/L)+SNP group and LY294002+MC+SNP group. The cell viability was observed by MTT assay. The expression of Akt and p-Akt was determined by Western blotting. RESULTS： The viability of the PC12 cells decreased after exposed to 500 μmol/L SNP for 24 h. Meanwhile, MC at concentration of 10 μmol/L significantly blocked the effect of SNP, such as decreasing the cell viability. Pretreatment with LY294002 for 60 min prior to exposure of the PC12 cells to MC and SNP down-regulated the expression of p-Akt induced by SNP. CONCLUSION：Minocycline regulates PI3K/Akt signaling pathway to restrain the apoptosis of PC12 cells induced by SNP.     

甬优籼粳杂交稻栽后地上部干物质积累动态与特征分析

2015—2016年,以甬优籼粳杂交稻(甬优1540和甬优4540,全生育期天数169~171 d),常规粳稻(镇稻13号和武运粳30,全生育期天数159~160 d)和杂交籼稻(两优培九和扬两优6号,全生育期天数140~141 d)为试材,比较分析不同类型品种栽后地上部干物质积累特征及其差异。甬优籼粳杂交稻2年平均产量为12.4 t hm^–2,较常规粳稻和杂交籼稻分别增产7.8%和23.3%,差异显著。与常规粳稻和杂交籼稻相比,甬优籼粳杂交稻穗数、结实率和千粒重较低,每穗粒数则较高;籼粳杂交稻成熟期干物质积累量较高,收获指数较低。成熟期茎鞘和叶部干物重及其所占比例均呈籼粳杂交稻>常规粳稻>杂交籼稻;穗部干物重以籼粳杂交稻最高、杂交籼稻最低,穗部干重所占比例则呈相反趋势。甬优籼粳杂交稻、常规粳稻和杂交籼稻栽后地上部干物质积累动态均以Gompertz方程拟合效果较好。不同类型品种栽后地上部干物质积累速率均呈先升后降的单峰曲线变化趋势,籼粳杂交稻、常规粳稻和杂交籼稻最大干物质积累速率出现的时间分别在栽后61~62、64~66和63~64 d。籼粳杂交稻栽后最大干物质积累速率较常规粳稻和杂交籼稻分别高17.7%和17.3%。与常规粳稻和杂交籼稻相比,籼粳杂交稻在渐增期、快增期和缓增期阶段平均干物质积累速率均较高;渐增期和快增期阶段的干物质积累天数较低,缓增期阶段的干物质积累天数则较高。籼粳杂交稻在渐增期、快增期和缓增期阶段的干物质积累量均高于常规粳稻和杂交籼稻。本研究建立了符合不同类型水稻栽后地上部干物质积累动态特征的Gompertz方程;与常规粳稻和杂交籼稻相比,籼粳杂交稻在渐增期、快增期和缓增期阶段的干物质积累量均具优势,渐增期和快增期较高的干物质积累量主要由于此阶段较高的干物质积累速率,缓增期较高的干物质积累量是由于较高的干物质积累天数和积累速率。     

可燃性气体泄漏报警器设计

以STC12C5A60S2单片机为核心,用气敏传感器（MQ-7）设计一可燃气体泄漏报警器。主要由可燃气体传感器、信号处理电路、单片机系统、显示及报警等组成。信号由气敏传感器检测,经过放大电路处理,由单片机内部AD转换器读入单片机,单片机对检测到的信号进行判断并将实测浓度值显示。若气体浓度超过预定数值时,将发出声光报警,同时切断气源,启动排气扇。实现了可燃气体的检测、报警、显示和相应处理功能,具有广泛的应用价值。     

超级稻甬优12单产13.5t/hm~2以上超高产栽培技术

甬优12具有全生育期长,个体茎秆粗壮,群体苗穗较少,穗大粒多等特点,生产应用表现高产水平和超高产潜力。随着对其品种特征特性的了解,单产超13.5 t/hm2的高产攻关田和示范方逐年增多。根据各地高产攻关经验,总结形成了"一早二减三增四防"的甬优12单产13.5 t/hm2以上超高产栽培技术,即适期早播,减少播种量,减少种植丛数,增施有机肥,增开丰产沟,增施穗肥,防稻曲病,防止早衰,防断水过早,防割青。