Conservation of transnational species: The tensions between legal requirements and best scientific evidence

1. This paper describes the tensions between the legal requirements for conservation and the most beneficial biological practice for mobile transnational marine species, using the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in European Atlantic waters as a case study.
2. Harbour porpoise are the smallest and one of the most abundant cetaceans occurring throughout the European continental shelf waters, and are affected by human activities occurring in the same waters, especially certain fishing activities.
3. The Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (the Bern Convention) and its implementing legislation the Council Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora 92/43/EEC (i.e. the Habitats Directive) are the main legal drivers for species conservation throughout the European Union. They aim for the long-term achievement of favourable conservation status and make provision for the use of two conservation measures: protected areas and strict protection measures. The strict protection measures aim to ensure that all forms of deliberate killing are prevented, and that where incidental killing and capture occurs, it does not have a negative effect on conservation status.
4. The conservation of harbour porpoise is currently dependent upon tackling the key issue of bycatch in fisheries. However, in challenges to Member States on their application of the Habitats Directive, the European Commission has chosen to focus on site designation rather than the implementation of the strict protection measures required to monitor and, where necessary, reduce bycatch.
5. This tension between a legal focus on the designation of protected areas instead of tackling threats such as bycatch has potentially led to negative conservation consequences for harbour porpoise and, in part, may explain why wider marine biodiversity has continued to deteriorate in Europe.

     

玉米自交系K12的创造与应用

K12是以高配合力玉米自交系黄早四和西南亚热带种质为基础材料,创造性运用“品系内群体轮回选择与自交系谱法选择”选育而成的优良自交系。它具有配合力高,抗逆性强,适应性广,综合农艺性状好的特点,因而被全国各地广泛应用。自20世纪90年代以来,用K12组配选育并经省市以上品种审定委员会审定的品种就有10多个,累计推广种植面积467万hm2,为中国玉米育种和生产做出了巨大的贡献。     

Mugil curema in Argentinean waters: Combined morphological and molecular approach

A previously unidentified mullet species (Mugil sp.) from Mar Chiquita lagoon, Argentina, was compared with two candidate species Mugil curema and M. cephalus using 12 truss landmarks and three mitochondrial DNA genes (12S rRNA, cytochrome b and COI). Both procedures confirmed that the Argentinean fish were white mullet M. curema. Morphological comparisons clearly segregated M. curema from M. cephalus samples in PCA plot. Similarly, Argentinean haplotypes at each gene overlapped with M. curema reference samples while M. cephalus haplotypes remained distinct. These combined data provide a valuable baseline for further investigations on the geographic distribution of this commercially important species group.     

番茄生长素响应因子基因SlARF12在果实发育过程中的功能分析

以番茄‘Micro-Tom’为材料,研究了生长素响应因子基因SlARF12 （序列号：HM565127.1）在果实发育过程的生物学功能。实时定量PCR 检测表明,SlARF12在花蕾中表达量逐渐降低,而在授粉后的子房中显著高于去雄后未授粉的子房。利用RNA干扰（RNAi）技术抑制SlARF12表达,对番茄植株营养生长与花的发育没有显著影响,但SlARF12 RNAi果实显著大于野生型与空载转化植株的果实,且开花前去雄未授粉不能形成单性结实的果实。利用半薄切片观察转基因番茄果实早期发育细胞学特性发现,转化植株的果实果皮细胞显著大于对照果实细胞,但是两者果皮细胞层数没有显著差异。基因表达分析发现在SlARF12 RNAi的子房与幼果中细胞分化相关基因CycB1.1和CDKB2.1等的表达水平同对照相比下降,而SlPEC等细胞膨大基因表达量显著高于对照。所以抑制SlARF12可增强果实中细胞膨大相关基因的表达,从而促进果实膨大。以上结果表明,SlARF12可负调控番茄果实膨大但不参与坐果启动调控过程,显示了生长素通过ARF信号精细调控果实发育的各个阶段。     

表达hrpZPsg12基因的重组枯草芽孢杆菌工程菌株构建及其生防活性评价

【目的】提高生防枯草芽孢杆菌JN209的稳定性及生防活性。【方法】利用基因工程技术,构建含hrpZPsg12基因的分泌表达载体,采用电转化方法将从大豆细菌性斑点病菌(Pseudomonas syringae pv.glycinea)中克隆到的hrpZPsg12基因转化至枯草芽孢杆菌JN209中,同时采用抑菌圈法测定宿主菌与基因工程菌抑菌活性的变化,评价其作为生物农药在田间对烟草病毒病的生防效果。【结果】成功构建了重组枯草芽孢杆菌基因工程菌JN209/pWB980-hrpZPsg12。抑菌活性分析表明,基因工程菌株在保持原始宿主菌株抑菌活性的同时,对部分靶标菌的抑菌效果有明显提高。烟草病毒病田间小区防治试验表明:与原始宿主菌JN209相比,新构建的基因工程菌JN209/pWB980-hrpZPsg12对烟草病毒病的防效有明显提高。【结论】改良的基因工程菌在抑菌谱和抑菌活性方面均有明显提高,同时对烟草病毒病也有较好的防治效果,可进一步开发为新型生物农药。     

Quantitative determination of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids by chiral liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in a murine atopic dermatitis model

Atopic dermatitis, one of the most important skin diseases, is characterized by both skin barrier impairment and immunological abnormalities. Although several studies have demonstrated the significant relationship between atopic dermatitis and immunological abnormalities, the role of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE) in atopic dermatitis remains unknown. To develop chiral methods for characterization of 12-HETE enantiomers in a 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis mouse model and evaluate the effects of 12-HETE on atopic dermatitis, BALB/c mice were treated with either DNCB or acetone/olive oil (AOO) to induce atopic dermatitis, after which 12(R)- and 12(S)-HETEs in the plasma, skin, spleen, and lymph nodes were quantified by chiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. 12(R)- and 12(S)-HETEs in biological samples of DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis mice increased significantly compared with the AOO group, reflecting the involvement of 12(R)- and 12(S)-HETEs in atopic dermatitis. These findings indicate that 12(R)- and 12(S)-HETEs could be a useful guide for understanding the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.     

甘蓝型油菜透明种皮12（TT12）基因家族反义抑制植物表达载体的构建

【研究目的】构建一个同时反义共抑制甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus)透明种皮12基因家族(BnTT12)转录的植物表达载体。【方法】通过PCR扩增得到BnTT12家族一段503bp的特异保守片段TT12A,通过亚克隆整合到中间载体pCambia2301G,构建TT12反义植物表达载体pCambi-a2301G-TT12A。采用液氮冻融法将其转化到根癌农杆菌。【结果】经过PCR鉴定、酶切鉴定和DNA测序证实载体构建成功,并转化到根癌农杆菌LBA4404菌株中形成TT12反义表达载体的工程菌株。【结论】pCambia2301G-TT12A的成功构建为利用此反义载体通过遗传转化获得转基因新型黄籽油菜和进一步探明TT12基因在甘蓝型油菜种皮色素合成途径中的分子生物学机理奠定了基础。     

优质棉“GM12”高产高效栽培技术研究

采用五因子五水平正交旋转二次回归组合设计 ,通过多因子田间试验和计算机模拟选优 ,提出了优质棉“GM1 2”高产、优质、高效的两套优化栽培方案。其中方案 1为 :种植密度 3 1 50 0株 hm2 ,施用尿素 562 .5kg hm2 、1 2 %钙镁磷肥 795kg hm2 、氯化钾3 52 .5kg hm2 ,果枝 1 8层。其目标是皮棉产量达 1 80 0kg hm2 ,纤维的长度、细度、强度达优质标准 ,经济效益达 450 0元 hm2 。根据优化方案 ,并结合生产实际 ,提出了“GM1 2”的栽培技术要点     

非洲猪瘟病毒360-12L蛋白的原核表达及其多克隆抗体制备

【目的】获得抗原性好的非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fever virus)12L蛋白用于ASFV血清学诊断技术研究。【方法】根据GenBank ASFV参考序列(登录号:NC₀44959.2)合成360-12L基因,并插入pET-28a(+)载体,构建原核表达质粒pET-28a-12L,将经测序鉴定正确的质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞进行诱导培养,筛选最佳诱导温度,同时分析其可溶性。随后通过亲和层析纯化蛋白,并对所获得的12L重组蛋白进行SDS-PAGE分析。将获得的12L重组蛋白作为免疫原免疫BALB/c雌性小鼠,以获得鼠抗ASFV 12L蛋白的多克隆抗体,通过间接ELISA方法测定所制备的多克隆抗体效价,并用间接免疫荧光试验进行验证。【结果】成功构建了ASFV 12L蛋白原核表达质粒,重组菌pET-28a-12L-BL21在37℃6 h时表达量较高,主要以包涵体形式表达,可在54.7 ku处出现明显条带。间接ELISA结果显示,制备的鼠抗ASFV 12L蛋白多克隆抗体效价>1∶512 000,间接免疫荧光试验结果表明,所制备的...