X射线吸收精细结构光谱在土壤中的应用

由于X射线吸收精细结构(X-ray absorption fine structure,XAFS)可以原位探测吸收原子的2~3个邻近配位壳层,获得目标元素的电子结构信息和化学结构信息,所以XAFS已成为微观领域最重要的结构分析工具,丰富了我们对元素的重要化学性质和反应过程的认识。本文简述了XAFS的基本原理,探讨了样品制备、测试及数据分析等过程需关注的问题,重点综述了应用XAFS研究土壤重金属和营养元素的形态、土壤固-液界面的反应过程和机理,并指出其应用的局限性和未来发展的前景,旨在推动我国XAFS在土壤科学中的应用。由于土壤中界面反应的复杂性,XAFS应结合其他结构分析技术,结构分析技术应结合宏观数据和计算机模拟,土壤学应与其他学科交叉、融合,只有这样,才有可能在时间和空间尺度上阐明土壤组分在环境界面上的复杂反应过程和机理。     

The potential of naked barley sourdough to improve the quality and dietary fibre content of barley enriched wheat bread

The possibility of using naked barley for food products is gaining popularity due to its dietary fibre content, especially β-glucans. The technological process (dough preparation, fermentation and baking) influences bread quality but also may contribute to degradation or preservation of valuable grain components. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of different wholemeal barley flour share and bread production method on the quality of bread and non-starch polysaccharides content and solubility.Barley enriched bread contained more both soluble and insoluble dietary fibre and β-glucans, products of 40% barley share contained 67% more total dietary fibre and 160% more β-glucans than control. However, barley incorporation decreased the amount of soluble arabinoxylans. High barley contents contributed to the breads’ volume reduction by 14% and change in their crumb and crust colour. However, barley enriched breads gained higher ratings of taste than wheat bread. Barley sourdough fermentation improved breads’ volume, colour and sensory properties. Sourdough fermentation also resulted in higher concentration of dietary fibre, arabinoxylans and β-glucans. The beneficial effect of barley addition to wheat bread may be successfully enhanced by using barley wholemeal sourdough fermentation.     

Silage and haylage as forage in slow and fast-growing broilers – effects on performance in Campylobacter jejuni infected birds

ABSTRACT

1. This study investigated the effects of daily intake of silage or haylage on broiler production performance and organ development. Furthermore, effects of daily intake of Lactobacillus plantarum either via silage or by supplemented drinking water, on Campylobacter jejuni loads in faeces were studied.

2. To test this, a 42-d experiment using Ross 308 and a 63-d experiment with Rowan Rangers hybrids, were performed. Silage inoculated with L. plantarum strain 256 and haylage were fed in total mixed rations with mixtures of 85% of pellets and 15% of respective forage (DM-based weight). Feed intake (FI), forage intake, body weight (BW) and feed conversion ration (FCR) were monitored weekly. Mortality was recorded daily, and organ weights were registered at slaughter. Quantification of C. jejuni was performed by colony counts from faecal samples after culture on agar plates.

3. There was a negative effect of haylage on BW and FI in the fast-growing Ross 308 hybrid. Silage had a negative effect on BW only on week four and six. Water inoculated with L. plantarum 256 increased BW in the starter period. Interestingly, no significant adverse effect of forage inclusion was observed in the Rowan Ranger birds.

4. Relative weight of the emptied gizzard was higher in both Ross 308 and Rowan Ranger birds fed haylage and silage than in the control group. In Ross 308 birds, both forages significantly reased the relative weight of gizzard with digestive content when compared to birds fed solely pellets.

5. In both studies, higher consumption of silage than haylage was observed.

6. In conclusion, daily intake of L. plantarum 256 either via silage or supplemented in drinking water, was not effective in reducing the shedding of C. jejuni in either Ross 308 or Rowan Ranger hybrids at the end of the rearing period.     

Long‐term ingestion of low amylose/amylopectin ratio diet affects aspects of meat quality by changing muscle fibre characteristics in growing‐finishing pigs

Amylose plays important role in body health. It is controversial whether changing dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio (DAR) will improve meat quality in growing‐finishing pigs. A total of 48 Duroc × Landrace × Large White castrated male pigs (initial body weight 49.8 ± 2.8 kg) were randomly allotted to two treatments, and fed ad libitum either with a low DAR diet (LR, amylose/amylopectin: 12/88) or a high DAR diet (HR, amylose/amylopectin: 30/70) for 68 days. Feed intake was recorded every day, body weight was weighed at 46th and 68th day to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and Feed:gain ratio. Blood was collected at ?30 min (fasting 12 hr), 60, 90, 120, 180 min postprandial at 64th day and then serum was obtained by centrifugation of blood at 1,500× g at 4°C. After pigs were slaughtered, samples such as longissimus dorsi, iliopsoas and semitendinosus were collected. Density, diameter and types of muscle fibres were analysed. Results showed that ADG, ADFI, Feed:Gain ratio, cross‐sectional area of longissimus dorsi muscle, backfat thickness, colour scores were not affected by DAR. Ingestion of LR diet increased the fasting glucose (p < 0.05) and insulin (p < 0.05) concentrations in serum. The drip loss and firmness were decreased significantly in LR vs. HR animals (p < 0.05). Densities of muscle fibre in longissimus dorsi, iliopsoas and semitendinosus were greater in LR pigs (p < 0.05). Moreover, ingestion of LR diet significantly increased myosin heavy chain (MyHC) IIa mRNA level and decreased MyHC IIb gene expression in longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) (p < 0.05). Therefore, intake of diet low in amylose/amylopectin ratio induces a better meat quality (lower drip loss and lower firmness), which could attribute to smaller myofibres, a shift to slower and/or more oxidative fibres.     

云南屏边大围山微型鸡肉品质的研究

试验选用14周龄云南屏边大围山微型鸡公母各10只,对其肉品质物理特性指标进行测定分析。结果显示,公鸡、母鸡腿肌的系水率、嫩度、多汁性、红度（a值）、pH及肌纤维密度均显著高于胸肌,而公鸡、母鸡腿肌的剪切力、蒸煮损失和贮藏损失、亮度（L值）、肌纤维直径与胸肌相比显著降低;相同部位不同性别间比较结果显示,公鸡胸肌与腿肌的剪切力、肌纤维直径、胸肌贮藏损失显著高于母鸡,而母鸡胸肌与腿肌的嫩度和肌纤维密度均比公鸡的高。综合对剪切力、蒸煮损失、贮藏损失、系水率、嫩度、多汁性、风味和总体口感等指标分析,公鸡、母鸡腿肌的肉质高于胸肌,母鸡肉质高于公鸡。     

盐胁迫下臭椿和银杏叶片细胞离子区域化研究(英文)

对盆栽银杏和臭椿苗木经 10 0mmol·L- 1和 2 0 0mmol·L- 1NaCl胁迫处理后 ,采用透射电镜X 射线能谱微区分析技术 ,对叶片表皮层、栅栏组织和海绵组织细胞不同部位Na+ 、K+ 、Cl- 含量与分布进行了测定 .结果表明 :在NaCl胁迫下 ,臭椿和银杏叶片各组织细胞的细胞壁、细胞质和液泡中Na+ 、Cl- 含量上升 ,K+ 含量下降 ,Na/K比上升 .银杏Na+ 主要积累在液泡中 ;臭椿Na+ 在 10 0mmol·L- 1NaCl胁迫下 ,液泡区隔化 ,2 0 0mmol·L- 1NaCl胁迫下 ,细胞质Na+ 含量高于液泡 .银杏在10 0mmol·L- 1NaCl胁迫下 ,Cl- 在液泡区隔化 ,2 0 0mmol·L- 1NaCl胁迫下 ,Cl- 未被液泡区隔化 ;臭椿在NaCl胁迫下 ,细胞大量吸收Cl- 的同时液泡未对Cl- 区隔化 .NaCl胁迫下 ,银杏对Na+ 的吸收大于对Cl- 吸收 ,而臭椿对Cl- 的吸收大于Na+ 的吸收     

我国面向21世纪棉花纤维品质改良对策

棉花纤维品质与纺织品质量、市场竞争力和植棉业的发展密切相关。经过近２０ 年的改良, 我国２８～２９ｍ ｍ 长度的棉花品种综合纤维品质指标与国外相差不大, 但品种的纤维长度类型单一。随着纺织业设备更新和技术改造, 需要通过培育不同档次纤维的棉花品种、提高早熟性和抗病虫性多种途径进行改良, 也需要栽培技术的改进。纤维内在品质在流通领域的价值急需考虑。     

白杨派杂种杨木材纤维的研究

从木材纤维形态方面对白杨派的４个杂种、３个对照共１１个白杨派树种的木材材性进行了分析。结果表明：毛新×响、响×毛新、南×毛新８号最适于作制浆原料;无论在用材、纤维工业、造纸工业方面,白杨派杂种都具有很大的发展前途和经营价值。     

木糖渣制取粉状活性炭的研究

研究木糖渣用磷酸法生产粉状活性炭的可能性,探索最佳工艺条件,制得的粉状脱色用活性炭,产品吸附指标符合ＬＹ２１６—７９标准,这一研究对木糖渣的综合利用和开拓活性炭的原料来源开辟了一条较为现实可行的途径。     

无氮日粮纤维水平对猪内源氨基酸测值的影响

以醋酸纤维素为纤维源配制成粗纤维水平分别为２．０％、５．０％、８．０％的３种无氮日粮,采用３头回—直肠吻合猪,分３期试验,通过３×３拉丁方设计研究在等进食量（７５０ｇ／ｄ）条件下日粮的纤维水平对回—直肠吻合猪消化道内源氨基酸测值的影响。结果表明：除缬氨酸、异亮氨酸和胱氨酸外,无氮日粮的粗纤维水平对回肠末端食糜干物质中其他内源氨基酸含量（％）无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。而对回肠末端内源氨基酸的总排泄量影响显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）或极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。相关分析表明,粗纤维水平与各种内源氨基酸的排泄总量之间存在显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）或极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）的强相关关系,随无氮日粮中粗纤维水平的升高,各种内源氨基酸排泄量呈直线增加。