腐植酸浸种对盐胁迫下小麦萌发种子及幼苗生理特性的影响

为研究盐胁迫下腐植酸浸种对小麦幼苗生理特性的影响,采用春小麦品种龙麦26和克旱16为试验材料,分别用清水和腐植酸浸种,测定了NaCl胁迫下萌发种子的α-淀粉酶活性、幼苗根系和叶片的总可溶性糖、蔗糖和果糖含量,以及浸出液的电导率。结果表明,盐胁迫下萌发种子的α-淀粉酶活性降低,幼苗根冠比增加,但幼苗整体鲜重降低,叶片和根系浸出液电导率增大,总可溶性糖含量增加,叶片蔗糖和果糖含量增加,根系蔗糖含量降低。腐植酸浸种降低了α-淀粉酶活性,增加了叶片总可溶性糖和根系蔗糖含量,减少了根系总可溶性糖和叶片蔗糖含量,降低了叶片和根系浸出液电导率。推测腐植酸浸种可能是通过调控果糖浓度变化,缓解了盐胁迫下小麦幼苗的质膜损伤。     

小麦PR-1、PR-2、PR-5基因的白粉菌和水杨酸诱导表达分析及白粉病抗性研究

病程相关蛋白基因PR-1、PR-2和PR-5是植物抗病基因介导的抗病反应和系统获得抗性(systemic acquired resistance,SAR)中的标志基因.为了研究病程相关蛋白基因和水杨酸在小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)抗白粉病反应中所起的作用,以抗白粉病和感白粉病小麦品系为材料,在白粉病菌(Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici,Bgt)诱导不同时间,或水杨酸处理不同时间后,用半定量RT-PCR技术检测了小麦叶片中PR-1、PR-2和PR-5基因的表达变化.结果表明,白粉病菌的侵染激活和显著增强了病程相关蛋白基因PR-1、PR-2和PR-5在周麦18中的转录.与感病品系相比,PR-1和PR-5在抗病品系中转录激活得更快、更强.水杨酸处理显著激活了PR-1和PR-5的转录,但对PR-2的转录影响不大.白粉病菌和水杨酸均能显著激活和增强PR-1和PR-5的表达,但白粉病菌的作用更强,说明PR-1和PR-5基因在小麦抗白粉病反应中起重要作用.PR-1和PR-5可以作为小麦SAR的标志基因.水杨酸处理后周麦18和中国春的白粉病抗性得到提高,提示水杨酸在小麦抗白粉病信号传导途径中起一定作用. 激活和显著增强了病程相关蛋白基因PR-1、PR-2和PR-5在周麦18中的转录.与感病品系相比,PR-1和PR-5在抗病品系中转录激活得更快、更强.水杨酸处理显著激活了PR-1和PR-5的转录,但对PR-2的转录影响不大.白粉病菌和水杨酸均能显著激活和增强PR-1和PR-5的表达,但白粉病菌的作用更强,说明PR-1和PR-5基因在小麦抗白粉病反应中起重要作用.PR-1和PR-5可以作为小麦SAR的标志基因.水杨酸处理后周麦18和中国春的白粉病抗性得到提高,提示水杨酸在小麦抗白粉病 号传导途径中起一定作用. 激活和显著增强了病程相关蛋白基因PR-1、PR-2和PR-5在周麦18中的转录.与感病品系相比,PR-1和PR-5在抗病品系中转录     

利用花粉管通道法将兔防御素NP-1基因导入小麦的研究

兔防御素NP-1是抗性谱最广的防御素之一。为提高小麦的抗病虫能力,培育优质高抗的小麦品种,采用花粉管通道法将兔防御素NP-1基因导入优质小麦品种G8901。对得到的193株T0植株进行抗除草剂筛选,获得4株抗性植株。通过PCR及PCR-Southern杂交,证实了NP-1基因已经整合到转基因植株的基因组中,并稳定遗传到T1。田间抗病虫鉴定结果表明,这些植株对于白粉病、叶锈和条锈病有较强的免疫力和抗性,但对于蚜虫的抗性没有明显提高。     

小麦贵农775抗条锈病新基因YrGA的研究

小麦抗病种质贵农775具有抗条锈性,研究其抗条锈遗传,对揭示其抗病机制和培育持久抗病品种具有重要意义。以西农97148×贵农775的杂交群体为材料,利用RAPD,SCAR分子标记和荧光原位杂交技术研究其抗性基因来源及在染色体上的位置。贵农775中的YrGA基因来自于簇毛麦,特异标记与抗条锈病基因YrGA(暂时命名)遗传距离为(0.355+0.001)cM,荧光原位杂交结果显示,贵农775为小麦-簇毛麦新的易位系。由于抗条锈病基因Yr26来源于簇毛麦,位于6VS,而与YrGA连锁的特异片段位于染色体长臂,综合分子生物学试验结果,可以推断YrGA很可能是一个来自簇毛麦并与已知抗条锈病基因不同的新基因。     

Impact of water content on the solubilisation of arabinoxylan during xylanase treatment of wheat bran

Arabinoxylan (AX) has a major impact on the functional properties of wheat bran, and it has been shown that technological properties of bran can be improved by using endoxylanases. Enzymatic treatments are typically conducted at high water content. However, in industrial applications, low water content may be advantageous, especially when targeting dry end products. The aim of the study was to examine the impact of water content, ranging from 20 to 90%, on the efficiency of endoxylanase treatment of wheat bran. Interestingly, AX solubilisation was highest at the water contents of 40 and 90%. At water contents 50–80%, AX solubilisation was lower than at 40 and 90%. Furthermore, at low water content, less depolymerisation was detected. At water content of 40%, the bran-water mixture was transformed from powder-like into compact mass. Probably the compact consistency of the material enhanced AX solubilisation by increased breakdown of bran cell walls due to shear forces or via enhanced enzyme binding to the substrate. The results show that solubilisation of bran AX can also be efficiently performed at low water content.     

Differences between wheat genotypes in damage from freezing temperatures during reproductive growth

Cereal crops in the reproductive stage of growth are considerably more susceptible to injury from freezing temperatures than during their vegetative growth stage in the fall. While damage resulting from spring-freeze events has been documented, information on genotypic differences in tolerance to spring-freezes is scarce. Ninety wheat genotypes were subjected to a simulated spring-freeze at the mid-boot growth stage under controlled conditions. Spring-freeze tolerance was evaluated as the number of seeds per head at maturity after plants were frozen at −6 °C. Plants that froze, as confirmed by infrared (IR) thermography, died shortly after thawing and consequently the heads did not mature. Only in plants that had no visible freezing (super-cooled) were heads able to reach maturity and produce seeds. In plants that super-cooled four genotypes had significantly higher seed counts after being exposed to freezing than three with the lowest. In addition, significant differences between genotypes were found in whole plant survival among those that had frozen. Genotypes with high whole-plant freezing survival were not necessarily the same as the super-cooled plants with the highest seed counts. Spring-freeze tolerance was not correlated with maturity suggesting that improvement in freezing tolerance could be selected for without affecting heading date. Spring-freeze tolerance was not correlated with freezing tolerance of genotypes of plants in a vegetative state, either under non-acclimated or cold-acclimated conditions indicating that vegetative freezing tolerance is not a good predictor of spring-freeze tolerance.     

黄淮麦区57个小麦品种对3株小麦纹枯病菌的苗期抗性鉴定

分别从兰考、夏邑和嵩县的小麦纹枯病罹病植株中分离鉴定出3株小麦纹枯病菌(Rhizocto-nia cerealis),苗期活体测定了黄淮麦区57个小麦品种对3株不同菌系纹枯病菌的抗性,结果发现,被测品种苗期对3株纹枯病菌的抗性差异明显,不同来源纹枯病菌菌系之间的致病性存在分化现象。对兰考菌系R1的抗性:邯6172、花培3号等17个品种表现为中抗,兰考矮早8、百农AK58等24个品种为中感品种,其余16个品种为高感品种;对夏邑菌系R2的抗性:泛麦5号、郑麦98等10个品种表现为中感,其余47个为高感品种;对嵩县菌系R3的抗性:豫教2号、豫农949 2个品种为中感,其余55个均为高感品种。在所有被测品种中,没有发现免疫和高抗品种。     

有机小麦生产基地建立与生产技术论述

根据所采用的有机小麦生产技术,对生产基地选择、基地的转换期和缓冲带等进行了论述。在有机小麦的品种选择与种子处理、土壤与栽培管理、肥水管理、病虫草害防治以及收获、包装与贮运和建立可追溯体系等方面展开进一步阐述。最后,展望了有机产品小麦生产技术的实施前景。     

利用SDS-PAGE鉴定转基因小麦HMW-GS的表达类型和后代遗传

采用SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)在蛋白质水平上对T2～T5代小麦转基因株系高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW—GS)的遗传表达及其分离进行了鉴定和分析。结果发现，外源1Dx5和1Dy10基因在T2代部分株系中表达；在有的株系中出现了原亚基(8亚基)的缺失或沉默和新亚基(暂定8^*)的产生，因而检测出2 5 10 12，2 5 7 8^* 10 12，5 7 10，2 7 10 12的多种类型。对2 5 10 12型株系进行了多代跟踪分析，发现其在T2～T5代陆续发生分离，存在于不同单株、不同单穗的子粒和同一单粒后代之间。经筛选，获得了天然不存在的亚基类型为2 5 10 12，2 10 12，2 5 12等稳定表达的种质创新株系。     

盐胁迫对小麦代换系光合性状的影响及染色体效应研究

为了选育小麦耐盐基因型,以中国春-Synthetic 6x小麦染色体代换系及其亲本为材料,设置对照(0mmol·L~(-1) NaCl)和盐胁迫(150mmol·L~(-1) NaCl)2个处理,通过测定不同处理条件下代换系幼苗比叶重、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量及光合速率的变化,探讨盐胁迫对小麦代换系幼苗光合性状的影响,并对其调控相关特性的基因进行染色体定位。结果表明,盐胁迫导致多数小麦代换系叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量、比叶重、光合速率降低;盐胁迫条件下,Synthetic 6x的2D染色体上可能存在诱导比叶重升高的基因,1A、5A、7A、2B、3B、5B、6B和6D染色体上可能存在诱导叶绿素含量增加的基因,1A、4A、7A和5B染色体上可能存在诱导类胡萝卜素含量增加的基因,1A和7D染色体上可能存在诱导幼苗光合速率增强的基因,即Synthetic 6x的1A染色体上可能存在调控光合特性的关键基因。