PDA在森林资源规划设计调查工作中的应用

从若干方面介绍了PDA在森林资源调查规划设计中的应用范围及使用的方式方法。     

信阳市南湾水库库区森林植被调查分析

信阳市南湾水库库区森林植被南湾水库库区的水资源涵养和水土保持具有重要的作用。本文对水库加区的森林植被的环境,资源状况,类型进行了调查分析,并提出了保护管理的建议。     

广德县林农复合经营情况调查与思考

本文调查了广德县林农复合经营现状,进一步分析了该县林农复合经营存在的问题,介绍了几种值得推广的特色林农复合经营模式,并提出了相关措施和建议。     

连云港云台山地区竹类植物略考

连云港云台山风景区有竹类植物7属20种,1变种和11变型,5个栽培变型。其中,短穗竹属1种,箬竹属2种,竹属2种3变型,刚竹属8种,1变种和9个变型,2个栽培变型,青篱竹属5种2变型,矢竹属1种,支竹属1变型。这些竹种中,属云台山乡土竹种有3属8种,1变种5变型2栽培变型。其中金条竹为国内首次发现并命名的新变型。经长期观察,刚竹属大部分竹种能适应云台山的生态环境,并在自然状态下生存繁衍。20世纪90年代后引进的观赏竹种也表现出较强的生命力。连云港云台山地区是我国黄河—长江竹区长江以北重要的竹种资源地,同时也是南竹北移理想的驯化场所。     

Reduction in common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) occurrence in Iowa cropland from 1999 to 2009

The role of common milkweed in the lifecycle of the monarch butterfly has increased interest in the presence of this weed in the north central United States. An initial survey conducted in 1999 found that low densities of common milkweed occurred in approximately 50% of Iowa corn and soybean fields. In 2009, common milkweed was present in only 8% of surveyed fields, and the area within infested fields occupied by common milkweed was reduced by approximately 90% compared to 1999. The widespread adoption of glyphosate resistant corn and soybean cultivars and the reliance on post-emergence applications of glyphosate for weed control in crop fields likely has contributed to the decline in common milkweed in agricultural fields.     

The role and value of eastern star clover in managing herbicide-resistant crop weeds: A whole-farm analysis

In the broadacre dryland farming system of Western Australia herbicide resistance in major crop weeds is an increasingly serious problem. A new option to combat herbicide resistance involves growing eastern star clover (Trifolium dasyurum). This is a new pasture legume with a unique delayed germination that allows control of weeds using various chemical and non-chemical strategies, without unduly compromising the pasture’s subsequent production. This study assesses the role and value of eastern star clover in managing herbicide-resistant weeds on various farms. The study employs the farming system model known as MIDAS, a whole-farm, bioeconomic model. Key scenarios of different degrees of severity of herbicide resistance for three farm types are examined. The main findings of the analysis are that as the severity of herbicide resistance increases, eastern star clover becomes an increasingly attractive option. Although the introduction of eastern star clover does reduce a farm’s capacity to carry sheep, and thereby lessens profits generated by the sheep enterprise, it enables longer, more profitable sequences of crops to be grown with fewer weed problems. Sensitivity analysis suggests that reduced cost of eastern star clover seed, cheap supplementary feed, and higher grain prices will further increase the profitability of eastern star clover.     

Past, present and future criteria to breed crops for water-limited environments in West Africa

Asia's Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s has largely bypassed West Africa, and “modern” (high-yielding, input responsive) germplasm for staple crops has found comparatively little adoption, except for systems that are have good access to markets and sufficient water resources. It is unlikely, however, that breeding objectives conserving traditional crop characteristics as found in extensive systems would have been more successful. The authors identify systems caught in the agricultural transition from subsistence to intensified, market-oriented production as the most important target for crop improvement, and provide examples of new breeding objectives for cowpea, sorghum and upland rice. In each of these cases, breeders, with the help of physiologists, have developed innovative plant-type concepts that combine improved yield potential and input responsiveness with specific traditional crop characteristics that remain essential during the agricultural transition. In the case of cowpea, dual-purpose varieties were developed that produce a good grain yield due to an erect plant habit, then produce new leaves enabling a second harvest of green foliage. For upland rice systems that are limited by labour (mainly needed to control weeds that abound due to shortened fallow periods), a weed competitive plant type was developed from Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima crosses. Lastly, sorghum breeders who had previously deselected photoperiod sensitivity are now re-inserting sensitivity into plants having “modern” architecture, in order to allow for flexible sowing dates while maintaining an agro-ecologically optimal time of flowering near the end of the wet season. The ecophysiological basis of these plant types, their place in current and future cropping systems, as well as the problem of under-funding for their realisation, are discussed.     

长期施肥对红壤双季稻冬闲田春季杂草群落的影响

利用始于1982年的红壤双季稻田长期施肥定位试验,于2012年采用田间调查法研究了在无机肥(化肥NPK)与有机肥(M)氮磷钾养分等量条件下,长期施用有机肥、无机化肥和有机肥无机肥配施模式下红壤双季稻冬闲田春季杂草生物量及群落密度和群落多样性的变化。结果表明:有机肥无机肥配施改变了优势杂草种类,增加了杂草总密度和总生物量。化肥氮钾配施有机肥(NKM)处理的杂草种类数量最多,化肥氮磷配施有机肥(NPM)处理的最少。施肥处理中,M处理的杂草群落多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数均最高,分别为1.118 6、0.732 3和0.629 7;其杂草总密度最低,为297.0株?0.25m?2。NPK处理的杂草总生物量最低,为58.0 g?0.25m?2。NPM处理的杂草群落多样性指数值、均匀度及优势度指数值均显著低于其他处理;其杂草总密度和杂草总生物量均最高,分别为539.7株?0.25m?2和109.5 g?0.25m?2;其优势杂草日本看麦娘的密度为428.0株?0.25m?2,相对密度为79.31%,明显高于其他处理优势杂草的密度和相对密度。春季杂草总干物质量与土壤碱解氮正相关(相关系数为0.703),与土壤p H负相关(相关系数为0.697),相关性不显著;与土壤有效磷显著正相关(相关系数为0.758*)。长期不同施肥模式下红壤稻田磷素是导致田间春季杂草群落特征变化的主要因素,通过改变土壤有效磷和碱解氮含量及土壤p H,能有效调控红壤双季稻冬闲田春季杂草生物量及群落密度和生物多样性。     

基于PCA—SVM的棉花出苗期杂草类型识别

为了实现棉田中不同类型杂草的机器视觉识别,提出基于主成分分析和支持向量机的棉花出苗期杂草识别方法。该方法通过提取棉田图像中棉花和杂草的颜色、形状、纹理等特征,并利用主成分分析(PCA)降低特征变量空间维数,结合支持向量机,实现对棉田杂草类型分类。通过120个棉花杂草测试样本分类试验结果发现,经PCA降维得到的前3个主成分分量能有效减少支持向量机的训练时间和提高分类正确率;通过对比发现前3个主成分分量与径向基核函数支持向量机相结合效果最好,其训练时间为91 ms,平均分类正确率达98.33%。     

杂草信息实时获取技术与设备研究进展

杂草信息的实时获取技术是田间杂草精准控制研究的首要问题,杂草实时获取设备是制约精准除草作业实现的瓶颈.综述了基于光谱、图像和光谱成像技术的杂草实时获取技术与设备的国内外研究现状,以促进精准杂草管理技术在我国的应用和发展.基于光谱的杂草信息获取方法较适用于实时防除作物出苗前的杂草,国外已有WeedSeeker、Weed-IT等杂草传感器.基于图像的杂草信息获取方法较适用于识别行间杂草,国外已有Autopilot、Cam Pilot、Robocrop等视觉导航产品和Robocrop InRow机械除草机防除行内杂草.基于光谱成像的杂草信息获取方法较适用于识别行内杂草,中、澳正联合研发微光子植物判别和杂草控制传感器.需要继续深入研究在复杂的开放式非结构的农田环境中,快速、准确地实时获取农田杂草信息技术.