Important influent-water quality parameters at freshwater production sites in two salmon producing countries

Further growth in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture production is expected, and as a response to limited freshwater resources, recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are increasingly applied in smolt production. Knowledge of the general composition and quality of inlet-water is important for designing water-treatment to obtain optimal water quality in both flow-through and RAS systems. Based on water quality surveys in Norway (96 water sources, 1999–2006) and Chile (120 water sources, 2006–2008) inlet-water quality was evaluated. Norwegian smolt production is characterized by almost exclusively utilizing surface waters as inlet-water sources, with lake inlets constituting 88% and river inlets 12%. This results in large seasonal variations in both temperature, and inlet-water quality. In Chile, production is based on inlet-water from groundwater wells (32%), natural springs (40%) and rivers (28%). Norwegian inlet-water quality shows significantly lower pH and buffering capacity. The content of total organic carbon and total nitrogen is generally higher in Norway, while the levels the main metals of concern, aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe), show large between-site variability in both countries. In low pH waters in Norway, the concentration of inorganic (labile) aluminium exceeds recommended level (10 μg/L) in 15% of the samples. The Norwegian database documents highly variable production intensity in smolt production. The measured levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂, 11.6 ± 6.2 mg/L) and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN, 499 ± 485 μg N/L) (mean ± SD), exceed current legislative recommendations in 30% and 10.5% of the cases, respectively. RAS technology has the potential to improve a variable water quality if it proves reliable for the time intervals and production volumes needed. Thus, if necessary adjustments in water treatment to the local water quality are implemented, RAS production may well constitute a substantial part of smolt production in the future.     

陇南不同种植区油橄榄果实生长期的经济性状比较

为研究陇南市不同种植地对不同品种油橄榄果实生长的影响,对陇南市武都区种植的莱星、鄂植8号、奇迹、皮削利等4个油橄榄品种,分别在其果实生长的受精和坐果期、种子生长期、果核变硬期、中果皮形成期和果实成熟期比较判断果实表型性状,分析果实生长期间含水率和含油率的变化,以探明不同油橄榄品种的适宜栽培区,为优化陇南地区油橄榄种植资源配置提供支持。结果表明,在陇南市武都区锦屏村和稻畦村种植的不同品种油橄榄果实外观均呈长圆形,且锦屏村种植的莱星油橄榄果实百粒鲜质量和含油率均高于稻畦村,中果皮形成期百粒鲜质量和含油率分别高于稻畦村34.82%和72.53%。稻畦村种植的鄂植8号油橄榄果实百粒鲜质量在果实生长前期低于锦屏村,生长后期则高于锦屏村,中果皮形成期稻畦村油橄榄果实百粒鲜质量高于锦屏村26.00%。锦屏村种植的鄂植8号油橄榄果实含油率均高于稻畦村,果实成熟期含油率高于稻畦村84.48%。锦屏村种植的奇迹油橄榄果实百粒鲜质量和含油率均高于稻畦村,果核变硬期百粒鲜质量高于稻畦村36.00%,果实成熟期的含油率高于稻畦村53.71%。锦屏村种植的皮削利油橄榄果实含油率高于稻畦村,中果皮形成期的含油率高于稻畦村76.13%。由此可知,锦屏村种植的油橄榄莱星、奇迹均优于稻畦村,且果实用途偏向于油用,油橄榄鄂植8号和皮削利作为油果兼用型果实,在锦屏村和稻畦村均可种植。且生长良好。     

干旱胁迫与复水条件下高梁、玉米苗期渗透调节及抗氧化比较研究

盆栽试验结果表明，高梁和玉米2种作物均存在渗透调节和抗氧化耐旱途径。高梁耐旱性较强，干旱条件下叶片相对含水量较高，水势亦较大。高梁以可溶性糖和蛋白质为主要渗透调节物质，以过氧化氢酶（CAT）为主要抗氧化酶。玉米以K^＋和脯氨酸为主要渗透调节物质，以超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）为主要抗氧化酶。     

Study on the Rainwater Accumulation and Utilization Technology Using in Hilly Area Taihang Moutains

太行山低山区干旱缺水严重,大大制约了山区经济发展。雨水集蓄利用技术是发展山区旱作林果业和旱作农业的重要技术手段。笔者在分析雨水集蓄利用理论和技术的基础上,对雨水汇集、蓄存和高效利用技术进行系统总结。并对其存在问题进行分析,提出相应的对策。     

Relationships between water temperatures and upstream migration, cold water refuge use, and spawning of adult bull trout from the Lostine River, Oregon, USA

Howell PJ, Dunham JB, Sankovich PM. Relationships between water temperatures and upstream migration, cold water refuge use, and spawning of adult bull trout from the Lostine River, Oregon, USA.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 96–106. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA Abstract – Understanding thermal habitat use by migratory fish has been limited by difficulties in matching fish locations with water temperatures. To describe spatial and temporal patterns of thermal habitat use by migratory adult bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus, that spawn in the Lostine River, Oregon, we employed a combination of archival temperature tags, radio tags, and thermographs. We also compared temperatures of the tagged fish to ambient water temperatures to determine if the fish were using thermal refuges. The timing and temperatures at which fish moved upstream from overwintering areas to spawning locations varied considerably among individuals. The annual maximum 7‐day average daily maximum (7DADM) temperatures of tagged fish were 16–18 °C and potentially as high as 21 °C. Maximum 7DADM ambient water temperatures within the range of tagged fish during summer were 18–25 °C. However, there was no evidence of the tagged fish using localized cold water refuges. Tagged fish appeared to spawn at 7DADM temperatures of 7–14 °C. Maximum 7DADM temperatures of tagged fish and ambient temperatures at the onset of the spawning period in late August were 11–18 °C. Water temperatures in most of the upper Lostine River used for spawning and rearing appear to be largely natural since there has been little development, whereas downstream reaches used by migratory bull trout are heavily diverted for irrigation. Although the population effects of these temperatures are unknown, summer temperatures and the higher temperatures observed for spawning fish appear to be at or above the upper range of suitability reported for the species.     

土壤水分状况对温室青茄水分利用和外观品质的影响

为确定温室青茄优质高效的灌溉指标, 采用小区试验方法, 研究了不同生育阶段土壤水分状况对滴灌条件下温室青茄耗水量、产量、水分利用效率及果实外观品质的影响。研究结果表明, 任何时段水分亏缺均会降低青茄的耗水量; 温室青茄果实大小、坐果数以及最终产量均随水分亏缺程度的增大而减小, 产量、水分利用均与耗水量呈现良好的二次抛物线关系, 最优耗水量在307.12~339.59 mm 之间。当青茄土壤水分(占田间持水量的百分比)下限控制在苗期60%~70%、开花坐果期和成熟采摘期均为70%时, 产量及坐果率较高, 水分利用效率较佳, 可作为滴灌条件下温室青茄适宜的土壤水分控制指标。     

引江济淮工程河道边坡膨胀土开裂规律及影响因素

为合理确定膨胀土边坡加固措施,需研究膨胀土在自然条件下的土体裂隙演化规律。该文结合引江济淮试验工程,就新开挖暴露的膨胀土边坡进行裂隙开展观测试验,定量分析在自然条件下膨胀土边坡裂隙开展的影响因素。结果表明:膨胀土边坡表面裂隙率主要受含水率控制;初次脱湿情况下,土体表面裂隙率与含水率呈线性负相关关系,且随暴露时间增加,土体表面裂隙率发展存在一个近似极限稳定值,降雨短暂影响表面裂隙发展过程;膨胀土裂隙沿深度方向的开裂速率与大气温度和大气湿度分别呈现正、负相关关系;坡比对裂隙深度的开展存在影响,主要发生在土体开裂初期;单条裂隙沿深度方向呈现"V"字型状态,相同失水条件下,膨胀性高的土体开裂深度大。     

基于植被供水指数的藏北地区土壤湿度反演研究

【目的】利用光学遥感数据获取的植被供水指数来反演西藏那曲地区的土壤湿度,结合高分辨率的遥感数据(GF-1)和中低分辨率的遥感数据(Landsat、MODIS)分别建立土壤湿度反演模型,通过比较不同空间尺度反演模型的精度和适用性,拓宽国产高分遥感数据在农牧业信息定量获取等方面的应用范围,为"天地网一体化"的现代农业信息获取和农情信息遥感监测提供理论基础。【方法】以西藏那曲地区为研究区,以代表高、中、低分辨率卫星数据的高分一号(GF-1)、Landsat-8及MODIS影像数据和土壤湿度实测数据为数据源,利用植被供水指数(Vegetation Supply Water Index,VSWI)构建土壤湿度反演模型,比较3种遥感影像在反演土壤湿度方面的差异。【结果】(1)VSWI反演土壤湿度的最佳深度为10 cm左右;(2)基于GF-1、Landsat-8和MODIS构建的反演模型得到的土壤湿度预测值与实测值的均方根误差分别为5.145、5.227和6.298,可见GF-1和Landsat-8的反演效果相当,均优于MODIS的反演效果;GF-1土壤反演模型的拟合效果最佳;(3)研究区土壤湿度在空间上呈东南向西北递减的趋势,与实地采样点的土壤湿度分布趋势一致,说明利用高分辨率遥感数据监测土壤湿度是可行的。【结论】利用GF-1遥感数据和植被供水指数可以实现对藏北地区的土壤湿度反演,研究结果可以为干旱或者半干旱地区大范围的土壤墒情监测提供理论依据和实践参考。     

苹果园不同覆盖材料对土壤与近地微域环境及树体生长发育的影响

干旱是影响陇东雨养区苹果生产的主要限制因素之一,覆盖保墒是保证该区苹果稳产丰产的重要措施。为了探寻适宜于陇东地区苹果园的覆盖保墒措施,于19年生‘长富2号’苹果园,采用覆盖麦草(WM)、覆盖细河沙(SM)、覆盖黑色地膜(FM)的地表连续3年(2010年11月—2013年11月)覆盖处理,以清耕(CK)为对照,研究不同覆盖材料对果园环境及树体生长发育的影响。结果表明:4—6月干旱期,3年各覆盖处理0~100 cm土层的平均含水量均显著(P0.01)高于对照,且WM处理SM处理FM处理CK;覆盖第3年,从花芽膨大到果实采收,叶幕形成(幼果期)前0~500 cm土层WM处理和SM处理的耗水量显著(P0.01)低于CK,叶幕形成后则显著(P0.05)高于CK,但耗水总量略低于CK;FM处理在叶幕形成前后均显著(P0.01)高于CK。WM处理降低3—8月份5~25 cm各层土壤温度,而升高了9—11月份土温,但5~25 cm平均地温日变幅始终显著(P0.05)低于CK,同时近地表气温降低相对湿度升高;SM处理对地温的影响较小,但明显提高近地表气温而降低相对湿度;FM处理的地温及日变幅始终高于CK,近地表气温和相对湿度与CK接近。各种覆盖处理对苹果物候期均无明显影响。总体0~60 cm土层各种养分含量顺序为WM处理CKFM处理SM处理,且WM处理随年份增幅较大;FM处理0~20 cm土层与SM处理0~60 cm各土层的有机质、全氮和碱解氮等养分随年份降低最明显,相应的全盐量(包括WM处理0~20 cm土层)均显著(P0.01)低于CK。各种覆盖处理增加了苹果树体枝条生长量,但对枝类组成影响都不大。各种覆盖处理增加了果实单果重及产量,均以WM处理显著(P0.05)高于CK。水分利用效率WM处理显著(P0.01)高于其他处理。综上所述,陇东雨养区苹果园覆盖麦草效果较佳,长期覆沙和覆膜土壤须补充有机肥及其他养分,单一覆膜还需完善。     

长江中游地区水旱复种轮作模式资源利用率比较研究

为了实现农田资源高效利用,维护农业生态良性循环,优化长江中游地区传统种植模式,本研究于2013年10月—2015年11月,以冬闲连作为对照,分析比较了不同水旱复种轮作模式(冬闲-早稻-晚稻→冬闲-早稻-晚稻、马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻→蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻、蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻、绿肥-早稻-晚稻→油菜-花生-晚稻、油菜-花生-晚稻→马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻)的光、温、水、土资源利用效率。结果表明:水旱复种轮作模式的冬季、晚季和周年的光能利用率均比冬闲连作处理高,周年光能利用率两年间分别高8.26%~82.50%和2.63%~121.42%,其中均以"蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻"轮作模式最高。水旱复种轮作模式的年有效积温利用率均高于冬闲连作模式,两年间分别高12.87%~21.26%和11.17%~25.88%,以"蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻"轮作模式最佳。两年间水旱复种轮作模式的冬季、晚季和周年的水分利用率均比冬闲连作处理高,其中周年水分利用率分别高45.36%~83.50%和40.00%~118.75%,以"马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻→蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻"轮作模式的晚季和周年水分利用率最高,"蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻"模式的冬季水分利用率最高。两年间土地利用率均以"绿肥-早稻-晚稻"复种模式最高,平均利用率达96.11%,"蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻"轮作模式的土地利用率表现最好。因此,各水旱复种轮作模式的周年光能利用率、年有效积温利用率、水分利用率和土地利用率均高于冬闲对照,其中以"蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻"和"绿肥-早稻-晚稻→油菜-花生-晚稻"轮作模式表现较好,适宜在长江中游地区推广应用。