Effect of Biogas Digested Liquid on OH4 and N2O Flux in Paddy Ecosystem

Biogas production generates digested slurry as a byproduct. It can be used as a fertilizer especially after its conversion into digested liquid. A pot based study was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of the application of digested liquid on CH4 and N2O flux, and plant biomass in paddy. Analysis revealed that digested liquid treated soils released more CH4 compared to ammonium sulphate and the control. Ammonium sulphate treated soil emitted the highest N20 whereas digested liquid application decreased its emission significantly. Further, the cumulative emission over 101 d of the experiment was found to be higher for CHa （16.9 to 29.9 g m^-2） compared to N20 （-49.3 to 18.9 mg m^-2） for all treatments. Digested liquid application had positive impact on plant variables such as panicle number and weight of panicles. This study suggests that digested liquid application significantly decrease N20 emission and increase CH4 emission possibly due to affecting the availability of organic C in the soil to microbial activity for methanogenesis. Another possibility for enhancing CH4 emission by following biogas digested liquid could be attributed to the increase in plant biomass.     

Gram-negative bacterial flora on the root surface of wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown under different soil conditions

We identified 161 Gram-negative bacterial strains isolated from the root surface of wheat grown under different soil conditions. The strains were divided into seven groups based on major morphological and physiological properties. Taxonomic allocation of the groups was verified by guanine+cytosine contents of DNA. Except for one group, which may be assumed to include bacteria belonging to the genera Flavobacterium and Cytophaga, the various groups were taxonomically united. The distribution of the groups changed with soil improvement. Pseudomonads predominated in unimproved soil, but Flavobacterium and Cytophaga spp. were predominant in the most improved soil. As all the strains were non-fermentative by Hugh and Leifson's test, API 20NE identification was applied. However, many strains were misidentified by this system, especially in the Flavobacterium and Cytophaga spp. group. For ecological studies, the strains were classified to species level by the API 20 NE system and by the results of a combination of guanine+cytosine (mol%) and isoprenoid quinone data. The pattern of distribution of the bacteria on the root surface of wheat varied at species level within one genus depending on soil conditions.Dedicated to Professor J. C. G. Ottow on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Binding characteristics and regulation of the 17,20β,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20β-S) receptor on testicular and sperm plasma membranes of spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus)

The binding characteristics of 17,20,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) to plasma membranes prepared from the testes and sperm of spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) were investigated using a filtration method to retain the bound 20-S. A single class of high affinity (K_d = 17.9 nM), low capacity (B_max = 0.072 nM g^-1 testes) binding sites was identified by saturation and Scatchard analyses on testicular membranes of spermiating spotted seatrout. A corresponding receptor (K_d = 22.17 nM, B_max = 0.00261 nM ml^-1 milt) was also detected in spermatozoan membrane preparations. The rates of 20-S association and dissociation were rapid, both had T_halfs of less than 1 min. Competition studies indicated that the receptor was highly specific for 20-S. 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, which had the highest affinity of the other steroids tested, had a relative binding affinity (RBA) of 14.3%. Progesterone, 11-deoxycortisol and testosterone competed with an order of magnitude less affinity (RBA's of 7.4, 1.8 and 1.1%, respectively). Estradiol displayed low affinity for the receptor (RBA = 0.4%) and cortisol did not cause any displacement at 1000-fold excess concentration. Specific 20-S receptor binding was detected in plasma membranes from testes of both spermiating and non-spermiating seatrout and on spermatozoa. Prolonged incubation of testicular fragments from a spermiating fish with gonadotropin (15 IU ml^-1 human chorionic gonadotropin) or forskolin (10 µM) caused a 2–3 fold increase in membrane receptor binding. Previous studies have shown that gonadotropin-induced upregulation of the 20-S plasma membrane receptor in seatrout ovaries is required for the oocytes to become responsive to 20-S and undergo final maturation. The existence of a 20-S membrane receptor on sperm and its upregulation in the testes by gonadotropin raises the possibility that final maturation of spermatozoa in male seatrout may be regulated by a similar mechanism.     

Multiple intestinal lymphomatous polyposis in a Jindo dog

A male, 5-year-old Jindo dog underwent enterectomy and enteroanastomosis due to ileus of the intestine at a local veterinary hospital. Grossly, the excised intestine showed markedly thickened multinodular masses in the serosal layer of the upper part, and soft-to-firm, cream-colored neoplastic masses that displayed extensive nodular mucosal protuberances into the lumen. The neoplastic masses were filled with large round cells that were ovoid in shape and they had pale and/or hyperchromatic nuclei. The neoplastic cells had mainly infiltrated into the mucosal and submucosal layers, and they had diffusely invaded the muscular and serosal layers. Therefore, the diagnosis of canine multiple intestinal malignant lymphomatous polyposis was made based on the gross and histopathological findings. The origin of these tumor cells was determined to be B-cells since they were positive for anti-CD20.     

Use of tween 20 as a substrate for assay of lipase activity in soils

Abstract

A method for assaying the soil lipase activity is described. It involves the titrimetric estimation of the amount of lauric acid released by the lipase activity when the soil is incubated with Tween 20 in the presence of toluene at 30°C for 18 h under agitation. The method is simple and precise and incubation without agitation is also possible. The method has been applied to six different kinds of soils. The lipase activity in the cultivated soils ranged from 22.5 to 75.5 mmol min^?1 g^?1 of dried soil. The K _m value for Tween 20 was 1.8 × 10^?4 m. The optimum pH was approximately 7.5. The hydrolysis of liveen 20 in soil was inhibited by glycerol which was the essential moiety of glyceride. The inhibition by glycerol was found to be competitive. These results indicate that Tween 20 is a potential substrate for the assay of the glyceride hydrolytic activity in soils.     

Isolation and characterization of a 20 kD prolamin from kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum) (L.): Homology with other millets and cereals

The homologus 20 kD prolamin from kodo millet and other minor millets viz. barnyard, little and foxtail millets, were purified using preparative gel electrophoresis and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The amino acid composition of the purified 20 kD prolamin protein from different minor millets revealed higher content of glutamic acid, alanine, leucine and serine and lower quantity of lysine and methionine. They contain 55 to 58 percent of non-polar amino acids which make them more hydrophobic than other protein fractions. The total number of amino acid residues per polypeptide chain ranged from 152 to 155 based on theoretical calculation. Peptide mapping of the 20 kD prolamin hydrolyzed with trypsin gave fewer cleavage products than expected. The antigenic relationships among these minor millets and cereals viz. wheat, maize, rice, sorghum, finger millet and pearl millet were studied using the antibody raised against the 20 kD prolamin. Cross reactivity was seen in all the minor millets at the 20 kD region. But in barnyard and little millets lower molecular weight polypeptides also cross reacted with the antibody. Immunoblotting studies revealed that the prolamins from other cereals and millets are related to the 20 kD prolamin of kodo millet. Rice was the only common cereal that did not cross react immunologically with the antibody raised against 20 kD prolamin of kodo millet.     

沙冬青A20／ANl锌指蛋白基因序列及表达分析

A20/AN1锌指蛋白普遍存在于真核生物中,在胁迫响应引起的信号传导过程中发挥着重要作用。本文利用生物信息学和RT-PCR方法从低温干旱胁迫的沙冬青叶片组织中分离锌指蛋白基因AmSTZF,该基因编码一条含172个氨基酸残基的多肽,含A20和AN1两个锌指蛋白保守结构域,属A20/AN1锌指蛋白。生物信息学分析显示该蛋白定位于细胞质中,具有磷酸化位点,参与细胞转录调控。RT PCR分析表明:低温和干旱胁迫处理的沙冬青叶片中,AmSTZF的表达增强,初步推测该基因与沙冬青低温、干旱胁迫响应相关。      

高产优质面包用春小麦新品种甘春20号配麦特性研究

为了了解高产、优质、面包用春小麦新品种甘春 2 0号的配麦特性 ,为面粉加工企业通过配麦技术生产成本较低的专用面粉提供科学依据 ,将甘春 2 0号 (蛋白质和湿、干面筋含量依次为 12 .5 %、34.8%、11.8% ,属强筋小麦 )与宁春 18号 (蛋白质和湿、干面筋含量依次为 10 .9%、2 8.6 %、10 .5 % ,属中筋小麦 )和高台麦 (蛋白质和湿、干面筋含量依次为 9.3%、2 5 .2 %、8.7% ,属弱筋小麦 )的籽粒按不同比例 (重量比 )进行搭配后 ,测定蛋白质品质、面团流变学特性和面包、馒头、面条加工品质。结果表明 ,在甘春 2 0号中搭配 10 %～ 4 0 %的宁春 18号或 10 %的高台麦后 ,蛋白质和湿、干面筋含量仍然较高 ,依次在 11.8%、2 9.7%、10 .3%以上 ,并且仍具有较高的面包评分 (>87.2分 ) ,同时可显著改善宁春 18号和高台麦的面条品质 (搭配后的面条评分在 86 .7分以上 ,分别比宁春 18号和高台麦的面条评分高出 9.3和 2 0 .0分以上 ) ;在甘春 2 0号中搭配 10 %～ 30 %的宁春 18号 ,可显著改善甘春 2 0号和宁春 18号的馒头品质 (搭配后的馒头评分在 88.5分以上 ,分别比甘春 2 0号和宁春 18号的馒头评分高出 5 .2和 2 .7分以上 )。甘春 2 0号为面包、馒头、面条兼用型品种 ,宁春 18号是优质馒头小麦 ,而高台麦只能作为搭配     

树形对桃树生长、产量和品质的影响

【目的】探讨中油20号桃不同树形对树体生长、产量和品质的影响。【方法】研究3年生中油20号桃Y字形、主干形、三主枝开心形、四主枝开心形及V字形5种树形的夏季结果枝部位光照度,成熟果实品质及冬季树体结构。【结果】同一树形不同部位的光照度和果实品质均有显著性差异,均为上层>中层>下层,不同树形相同部位间差异不显著。每666.7 m²产量为主干形>V字形>Y字形>三主枝>四主枝。树体的主枝数越多,主干直径越粗,树体越高,冠径越大。总枝量主干形最少,四主枝最多,而每666.7 m²枝量V字形最多,主干形其次。不同树形枝类组成,长枝比例顺序为主干形>V字形>Y字形>三主枝>四主枝,中短枝比例与长枝比例相反。选择了13种指标进行主成分分析,5种树形的优劣顺序依次为V字形、四主枝开心形、三主枝开心形、Y字形、主干形。【结论】V字形树形综合评分最高,产量和每666.7 m²枝量较高、品质表现较好,是适宜标准化栽培的优良树形。     

Nutritional and health benefits of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a plant species of the Chenopodiaceae family, which originated in the Andean region and can adapt to different types of soil and climatic conditions. It is a pseudo grain with high nutritional value as it is rich in proteins, lipids, fiber, vitamins, and minerals, and has an extraordinary balance of essential amino acids. Quinoa also contains a high amount of health-beneficial phytochemicals including saponins, phytosterols, phytoecdysteroids. It is known that quinoa has considerably positive effects on metabolic, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal health in humans. Despite all these health benefits, quinoa is not widely consumed due to several reasons, such as high import costs of the grain and lack of knowledge regarding its benefits among consumers. As we believe that further research is needed to provide more information about quinoa, this review was prepared to investigate its basic compounds and health effects.