基于EDEM的猪粪接触参数标定

为准确快速获得畜禽粪便的接触参数,该研究通过物理堆积试验与仿真方法对猪粪接触参数进行了标定。测定了不同含水率下猪粪的堆积角,建立了含水率与堆积角的回归方程;基于Hertz-Mindlin with JKR球体粘结模型,进行了离散元仿真模拟;采用筛选试验设计(Plackett-BurmanDesign,P-BD)对10个初始参数进行了筛选,发现JKR(Johnso-Kendall-Roberts)表面能、颗粒间滚动摩擦系数、颗粒间碰撞恢复系数对猪粪堆积角影响显著;并根据响应曲面试验设计(Box-BehnkenDesign,B-BD)建立了堆积角与显著性参数的二阶回归模型,得到了3个显著性参数值分别为JKR表面能0.03J/m~2、颗粒间滚动摩擦系数0.27、颗粒间碰撞恢复系数0.54;将仿真所得堆积角与物理试验值进行对比验证,相对误差为4.27%。结果表明,该研究提出的标定方法能准确模拟物理堆积试验,可为畜禽粪便接触参数的标定提供参考。     

关中平原农田土壤水力参数空间分异与模拟

土壤水力参数是土壤水分和污染物迁移等陆面过程数值模拟的重要基础参数。为探明关中平原农田土壤水力参数空间分异特征,建立空间分布预测模型,在关中平原网格布设124个样点,采集根层0-20 cm原状和扰动土壤样品,利用van Genuchten模型拟合获取土壤水分特征曲线,获得残余含水量(θr)、饱和含水量(θs)以及系数α和n等土壤水力参数。采用经典统计学、地统计学和结构方程方法分析了θr、θs、α和n的空间变异特征及影响因子,建立了水力参数传递函数预测模型。结果表明:θr和α为强变异,θs为中等变异,n为弱变异。θr、θs、α和n半方差函数最佳拟合模型分别为球状模型、指数模型、指数模型和球状模型。θs和n具有强烈的空间依赖性,变程分别为32.7,54.3 km;θr和α具有中等程度空间依赖性,变程均为52.8 km。土壤质地、容重、pH、有机质和海拔是影响土壤水力参数空间分布的主要因子。基于土壤理化性质和海拔建立的水力参数传递函数模型具有较好的模拟效果,可用于关中地区大尺度农田生态系统土壤水力参数的模拟预测。     

超声提取-气相色谱法测定土壤1,9-癸二醇

1,9-癸二醇是由水稻根系分泌物中发现的一种新型生物硝化抑制剂,在农业生产中可提高氮肥利用率,减少氮素损失。为建立一套超声波提取-气相色谱检测土壤中1,9-癸二醇的方法,分别对超声波提取条件(提取剂、提取次数、液料比、超声时间)和气相色谱检测参数(进样口温度、检测器温度、升温程序)进行研究。结果表明,超声波提取土壤1,9-癸二醇的最佳方法为甲醇作为提取剂超声提取1次,液料比40mL·g~(–1),超声时间30 min。气相色谱Agilent8890测定1,9-癸二醇的最佳条件为进样口温度250℃;氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)温度310℃;升温程序:初始柱温60℃,保持2 min,以20℃·min~(–1)的速率升至150℃,然后以3℃·min~(–1)的速率升至180℃,保持2 min,最后以20℃·min~(–1)的速率升至270℃。在最佳提取和测定条件下,不同浓度1,9-癸二醇的加标回收率为90.58%～94.55%。超声提取-气相色谱法检测限低、灵敏度和精密度高,快速高效、重复性好,为今后1,9-癸二醇的实际应用工作奠定了基础。     

Detachment of road surface soil by flowing water

An agricultural watershed generally consists of two land use categories, farmland and the unpaved road or path networks with different traffic frequency and size. Road surfaces are quite different from farmland soil in physical properties, resulting in it's distinguish production transportation process. Hydraulic flume experiments were conducted with the flow discharges ranging from 1 to 5 L s^− 1 and the slope gradients ranging from 8.8% to 46.6% to simulate the soil detachment process on a road surface and to develop tools in order to calculate detachment rates occurring on that road surfaces. The results illustrate that road surfaces behave characteristically in the runoff detachment and sediment delivery process due to the difference in the bulk density and functions of agricultural soils. The soil detachment rate is closely related to flow depth, slope gradient and other hydraulic parameters such as shear stress, stream power and unit stream power. Multiple non-linear regression analyses indicate that detachment rates for all roads can be accurately predicted by power functions of flow depth and slope gradient. According to the experimental results, stream power was suggested as an indicator to estimate soil detachment rate instead of shear stress in soil erosion models. However, considering the simplicity and availability, power function of flow depth and slope gradient is also recommended to predict detachment rate on the road surfaces.     

土壤持水特性参数与土壤质地尺度关系的联合多重分形分析

Soil water-retention characteristics at measurement scales are generally different from those at application scales, and there is scale disparity between them and soil physical properties. The relationships between two water-retention parameters, the scaling parameter related to the inverse of the air-entry pressure (αvG, cm-1) and the curve shape factor related to soil pore-size distribution (n) of the van Genuchten water-retention equation, and soil texture (sand, silt, and clay contents) were examined at multiple scales. One hundred twenty-eight undisturbed soil samples were collected from a 640-m transect located in Fuxin, China. Soil water-retention curves were measured and the van Genuchten parameters were obtained by curve fitting. The relationships between the two parameters and soil texture at the observed scale and at multiple scales were evaluated using Pearson correlation and joint multifractal analyses, respectively. The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that the parameter αvG was significantly correlated with sand, silt, and clay contents at the observed scale. Joint multifractal analyses, however, indicated that the parameter αvG was not correlated with silt and sand contents at multiple scales. The parameter n was positively correlated with clay content at multiple scales. Sand content was significantly correlated with the parameter n at the observed scale but not at multiple scales. Clay contents were strongly correlated to both water-retention parameters because clay content was relatively low in the soil studied, indicating that water retention was dominated by clay content in the field of this study at all scales. These suggested that multiple-scale analyses were necessary to fully grasp the spatial variability of soil water-retention characteristics.     

基于Markov链地统计模型的区域土壤性质研究进展

土壤水力学性质的空间变异对于区域土壤水分溶质循环模拟研究至关重要。基于Markov链的条件模拟是一种能融合多源信息技术的地统计学模拟方法,与传统插值法和基于变异函数的条件模拟相比有诸多优势。目前,该方法在土壤水力学性质空间变异性领域的研究并未全面展开。实现区域土壤水力学模型参数的随机模拟,对于实现区域土壤水分运动和溶质运移的随机模拟,分析土壤水力学性质空间变异性对土壤水分运动和溶质运移模拟结果的影响,特别是参数采样点变化对土壤水分运动和溶质运移结果影响的不确定性等研究都有重要意义。本文旨在综述基于Markov链的地统计学模拟在土壤学相关领域的研究进展,以期为区域模拟中面临的参数获取难题提供帮助,为区域农业生产管理,水分高效利用,农田生态环境保护提供科学依据。     

流域尺度土壤厚度的模糊聚类与预测制图研究

基于土壤厚度与景观位置和特征之间的关系,运用模糊c均值聚类(FCM)方法对西苕溪流域的土壤厚度分布进行了空间预测。选取高程、坡度、平面曲率、剖面曲率、径流强度系数和地形湿度指数6个地形因子进行模糊聚类,根据相应的聚类参数将流域地形组合分为8类。利用部分调查获得的土壤剖面数据,结合样点属性和专家经验为典型区赋值,最后由加权平均得到流域土壤厚度预测图。验证结果表明,FCM方法可以对地形因子组合进行有效合理的分级,其预测精度较高,模型的稳定性较好,是一种低成本高效率的制图方法。该方法在土壤厚度预测方面具有一定的可靠性。     

GENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES IN ROOT MORPHOLOGY AND PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE KINETICS IN BRASSICA NAPUS UNDER LOW PHOSPHORUS SUPPLY

Application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer is important in crop production because of the low bioavailability of phosphorus to plants in both acidic and calcareous soils. Although rapeseed (Brassica napus) is generally sensitive to P deficiency, different cultivars differ widely in this respect. Differences in P uptake and utilization between two rapeseed cultivars, one P-efficient (‘97081’) and one P-inefficient (‘97009’), were evaluated in solution culture by studying the changes in root morphology and parameters of P uptake kinetics in response to low-P stress. The P-efficient cultivar had lower Km and Cmin values and higher Vmax and developed longer and denser lateral root hair with greater number of root tips and branches under low-P stress, which resulted in a better developed root system and more efficient uptake of P. That, in turn, led to higher concentration and accumulation of P in the plants, culminating in higher biomass production. However, P utilization efficiency (biomass production per unit P accumulated in plant) of the P-efficient ‘97081’ was lower than that of ‘97009’ when P was deficient. These results suggest that P efficiency in rapeseed is due to a better developed root system as well as efficient uptake of P.     

基于CFD的养殖污水净化内循环流化床反应器结构优化

针对水产养殖污水净化对内循环流化床反应器的相关要求及流化状态下反应器结构、操作参数与相流体力学行为的密切关系,该文利用构建的描述不同结构、操作参数反应器气液两相流动的计算流体力学数学模型,分析了不同结构、操作参数下反应器液体流场、液体循环流量、气含率的变化规律,得到了对于内径200 mm、底部采用均孔布气盘的反应器,在表观气速为0.5~2.5 cm/s时,导流筒与反应器的内径比0.5,导流筒高度与反应器内径比6,导流筒下端到反应器底部距离50 mm,导流筒上端到液面距离100 mm为最优值;针对液体循环流量,使用相关数学模型求解理论值并与试验值进行比对,通过偏差分析探究了数学模型应用的局限性;使用MATLAB最小二乘法拟合了反应器在最优结构参数下表观气速与液体循环流量、气含率的关系,验证了拟合公式的精确性。该研究为内循环流化床反应器在水产养殖污水处理中的设计应用提供理论和技术参考。     

基于离散元的西北旱区农田土壤颗粒接触模型和参数标定

为了解决利用离散元法模拟土壤作业过程在预测农具阻力和土壤动态运动时存在失真等问题,整合延迟弹性模型(hysteretic spring contact model,HSCM)和线性内聚力模型(liner cohesion model,LCM)优势建立西北旱区农田土壤模型,以不同参数(静摩擦系数、动摩擦系数和内聚强度)组合下仿真得到的土壤仿真堆积角为响应值,基于Box-Behnken试验法建立回归模型,并根据该回归模型进行了参数预测并验证,对17组土壤仿真堆积角方差分析表明:静摩擦系数、动摩擦系数、动摩擦系数和抗剪强度的交互项、动摩擦系数的二次项对仿真堆积角的影响极显著;静摩擦系数和动摩擦系数的交互项、静摩擦系数的二次项对仿真堆积角的影响显著。使用预测的参数进行6种不同含水率土壤直接剪切仿真和试验对比可知,当含水率为1%~20%时,仿真与试验间的抗剪强度相对误差为1.18%~9.31%,仿真与试验间的内摩擦角相对误差为0.55%~4.07%。对仿真和试验鸭嘴插入阻力数据进行分析可知,仿真与试验曲线在入土距离处于0~50 mm期间时,但仿真入土阻力曲线波动较大,仿真和试验阻力走势基本一致,玉米直插穴播最深处50 mm处的仿真和试验入土阻力相对误差为0.928%,可利用此时的入土阻力分析直插鸭嘴结构对强度的影响。