无土栽培基质的研究进展

综述了无土栽培基质的发展史及国内外对于栽培基质选用、开发应用和配比应用的现状,最后分析了有关基质的发展趋势.     

查全率和查准率的农业数据库

数据库要做到对分类数据的查全率、查准率,除了SQL数据的查询外,必须对数据库数据进行分类数据分类。数据库数据按照一定的分类法则进行分类是达到数据库按分类查全率,查准率的要求。数据库数据的SQL数据查询,可以按照SQL法则查询数据库的数据。但是要做到对数据库数据的查全率和查准率,必须对数据库的数据按照一定的分类法则进行分类。     

不同土石比的工程堆积体边坡径流侵蚀过程

工程堆积体可在短时期内极大程度地改变原地貌地形、土壤和植被条件,使其在降雨径流作用下将发生严重土壤侵蚀,因此是生产建设项目区水土流失最为严重的地貌单元。该文采用土工试验方法及野外实地放水冲刷法研究不同物质来源和土石比的工程堆积体边坡物理性质、侵蚀动力及径流侵蚀过程。结果表明：1）2种松散工程堆积体的物质组成和入渗性能均较原土差异明显,其中黄沙壤工程堆积体以≤0.25mm颗粒为主,其颗粒变异系数为原土的1.2～2.0倍,稳定入渗率为原土1.70～4.07倍;而紫色土堆积体级配良好,颗粒变异系数是其原土的2.2倍,稳定入渗率为原土的7.02～11.59倍。2）各种工程堆积体边坡侵蚀动力学参数随放水流量变大而增加,黄沙壤工程堆积体边坡径流流速在0.155～0.318 m/s之间变化,径流剪切力变化在27.632～57.154 N/m2,土壤剥蚀率在0.337～77.071 g/(m2·s)之间;而紫色土工程堆积体边坡径流流速、剪切力和土壤剥蚀率分别在0.184～0.281 m/s,35.525～53.600 N/m2和1.445～61.910 g/(m2·s)。3）土石混合质边坡在产流9 min内存在不同程度突变或波动,在相同条件下边坡累积产流量均表现为偏土质>土石混合质,黄沙壤工程堆积体边坡累积产流量高于紫色土;而土石混合质边坡的产沙率呈连续性多峰多谷变化,边坡侵蚀沟壁土体崩塌脱落是造成产沙率波动的重要原因。该研究可为生产建设项目工程堆积体水土流失量预测和水土保持植物措施选择提供基本参数和技术支持。     

湘潭农业生态系统的能值分析及其可持续性评价

为提高湘潭市农业生产力水平,促进农业生态系统可持续发展,运用能值分析理论和方法,对湘潭市2000—2008年农业生态系统的能值投入产出、运行效率、ELR进行定量分析。结果表明:湘潭市农业生态系统能值投入以可更新的有机能为主,主要依赖于人力,其所占能值比重由2000年的0.58下降到2008年的0.49,尚处于从传统农业阶段向现代农业阶段转变的过渡时期;能值产出中林业能值产出较大,而种植业和渔业所占比例较小,尤其是渔业,未达到整个能值产出的0.01%;湘潭市农业生态经济环境负载率低,资源空间利用未达到优化配置,具有较大的发展空间。湘潭农业生态系统的可持续发展指数变化较大,波动范围在0.03~0.11之间,说明湘潭农业生态系统属于消费型经济系统。应根据农业的需要合理调整农业产业结构及能值投入结构,促进农业生态经济系统的良性循环。     

Evaluation of relationship between dispersibility of soils and charge characteristics using a modified ion adsorption method; An example of soils from Wakayama Prefecture,Japan

The relationship between the charge characteristics and the dispersibility of soils from reclaimed land (highly dispersive) and adjacent forest area (physically stable) was investigated.

To evaluate the amount of soil charges quantitatively, the measurement based on cation and anion adsorption (ion adsorption method) was attempted in two ways, where special attention was paid to the solution concentration. In the conventional ion adsorption method, the treatments with concentrated solutions (1 mol L^-1) were included in the process. In the modified method, soils were treated with dilute solutions (5 mmol L^-1), in taking account of the soil solution concentration in humid temperate regions. The amount of charges derived from the modified method was smaller than that from the conventional one, especially in the high pH zone. In a preliminary experiment, the extraction of polyvalent cations from soils was found to be significantly affected by the salt concentration. Thus, the use of solutions with an excessively high concentration was considered to result in an error in the estimation of the active charges in soils which would contribute to the dispersion behavior in the field.

The applicability of the modified method for analyzing the dispersion behavior of soils was evaluated by relating the dispersibility of silts and clays at different pHs with the charge characteristics determined under the same ionic strength. The dispersion ratio of silts of the reclaimed land reached maximum values at pH 5.5, above which the ratio decreased, whereas the ratio of clays began to increase in the pH range above 6. The dispersion ratio of silts of the forest area increased in the pH range above 6, whereas that of clays remained constant at a low level in all the pH ranges below 7. The changes in the dispersibility of silt plus clay fractions corresponded to total charge characteristics determined by the modified method. Thus, the evaluation of soil charges by the modified ion adsorption method was considered to be effective to predict soil dispersibility under field conditions, indicating that it could replace electrokinetic analyses such as electrophoresis in studies on the dispersion/flocculation behavior of soils.     

Interaction Between Salinity Stress and Verticillium Wilt Disease in Three Pistachio Rootstocks in a Calcareous Soil

ABSTRACT

The interaction between soil salinity and infection caused by Verticillium dahliae was studied in pistachio (Pistacia vera) in a greenhouse experiment. Treatments consisted of 0, 1400, 2800, and 4200 mg sodium chloride (NaCl) kg^{? 1} soil and three rootstocks (Sarakhs, Badami, and Qazvini cultivars). They were gradually exposed to salinity stress before and/or after root inoculation with a water suspension of 10⁷ conidia/mL of a pistachio isolate of V. dahliae. Salt stress significantly increased rootstock shoot and root colonization by V. dahliae. All rootstocks were susceptible to V. dahliae, but symptoms of the disease appeared earlier in Sarakhs, a salt sensitive cultivar. Moreover, salinity and V. dahliae interaction increased the concentrations of sodium (Na), potassium (K) and chloride (Cl), but decreased the K/Na ratio in all rootstocks. Shoot and root tissues of inoculated Sarakhs and Qazvini (a salt tolerant) contained the highest and the lowest concentrations of Na, K,and Cl, respectively. In salinity treatments, shoot and root dry weight of all rootstocks decreased as compared with controls. Sarakhs showed smaller shoot and root dry weight than Qazvini and Badami. Also, increasing the NaCl level increased accumulation of Na, K, and Cl in shoot and root of the rootstocks. Sarakhs showed higher concentrations of ions in the shoot and root. Based on shoot and root dry weights and ion accumulation, Sarakhs and Qazvini were susceptible and tolerant to salinity, respectively.     

Nitrogen isotope analysis of free glycine in soil using isotope dilution mass spectrometry

To enable the estimation of production and consumption rates of free glycine in soils through ¹⁵N isotope dilution experiments, an isotope dilution mass spectrometric method was developed. The method, which enabled high precision N isotope ratio determination of glycine in soil extracts at δ¹⁵N levels up to 4000‰ and concentrations from approximately 2 μM, is based on the following steps: (i) addition of glycine spike to the soil extract, (ii) removal of humic substances and pre-concentration of glycine using solid phase extraction, (iii) derivatization of amino acids, (iv) separation of the derivatives using gas chromatography (GC), (v) their combustion to yield sample N₂ gas, and (vi) finally the use of N isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Judging by uncertainty budget calculations, the precision obtained (SD=0.01-0.06 at% ¹⁵N) is sufficient for detecting differences in N isotopic ratios obtained in ¹⁵N isotope dilution experiments.     

Novel antibiotics as inhibitors for the selective respiratory inhibition method of measuring fungal:bacterial ratios in soil

The use of the selective inhibition (SI) method for measuring fungal:bacterial ratios may be limited due to biocide selectivity and the overlap of antibiotic activity. This study evaluated novel pairs of antibiotics for their specificity in soils of different origins and their potential reduction in inhibition of non-target organisms. Four soils selected for this study were from a semi-arid shrub-steppe, a loblolly pine forest and two grassland sites (restored and farmed prairie plots). Three bactericides were tested: oxytetracycline hydrochloride, streptomycin sulphate, and bronopol. Three fungicides were tested: captan, ketoconazole, and nystatin. The inhibitor additivity ratio and fungal:bacterial ratios were calculated from control and treated soils where inhibition was measured as CO₂ respiration reduction with biocides. We were able to minimize non-target inhibition by the antibiotics to <5% and thus calculate reliable fungal:bacterial ratios using captan to inhibit fungi in all four soils, and bronopol to inhibit bacteria in three of the four soils. The most successful bactericide in the restored prairie was oxytetracycline-HCl. Our results demonstrate that application of novel antibiotics is not uniformly successful in soils of different origin and that the SI technique requires more than just optimization of antibiotic concentration; it also requires optimization of antibiotic selection.     

新型分层生物滴滤池去除污水中氮磷的性能研究

生物滴滤池是农村生活污水处理的主要技术之一,但其存在氮、磷去除能力有限,稳定性不高等缺点。为提高新型分层生物滴滤池的氮磷去除效率,探索最佳工艺条件,本文采用新型分层生物滴滤池为试验装置,考察了滤料种类、水力负荷、回流比等对装置去除污水中氮磷性能的影响。结果表明,当滤料为炉渣、水力负荷为4 m3·m-2·d-1、回流比为2∶1时滤池去除氮磷的效果最好,对NH4+-N、TN、TP、COD的平均去除率分别可达到87.08%、57.37%、66.04%、80.78%;采用较高的回流比是滴滤池提高脱氮效果的一条有效途径。     

Residual Nitrogen Effects in Organically Cultivated Beetroot Following a Harvested/Green Manured Grass-Clover Ley

ABSTRACT

The residual nitrogen (N) effect on beetroot following harvested grass-clover (H-ley) or corresponding twice-cut green manure (GM-ley) was compared with a barley control. The residual N at beetroot harvest, calculated as N in beetroot crop and mineral N in the 0–90 cm soil layer, was 83 kg ha^?1 for the GM-ley when barley was set to zero. The effect of GM-ley exceeded that of 3H-ley (3 harvests) by 74 kg N ha^?1 and 2H-ley (2 harvests) by 42 kg N ha^?1. Prediction of residual effects was studied using a model with a humification coefficient (hc) of 0.35 and another with different hc values for different plant materials. The former gave the best fit to observed data in regression analysis. The latter gave the best fit to observed data in absolute values. The residual N effect of GM biomass from summer cuttings corresponded to 40–70% of the potential effect.