南昌市3个城中湖泊夏季轮虫和甲壳类群落特征及水质评价

为探究城市湖泊浮游动物群落结构特征和分布与水环境因子之间的关系,并评价南昌市典型城市湖泊夏季水质状况,运用多维尺度分析（MDS）和典范对应分析（CCA）方法,对南昌3个城市湖泊———东湖、青山湖、月亮湖的轮虫和甲壳类浮游动物群落进行了研究,分析了浮游动物的多样性指数。结果表明,轮虫是夏季城市湖泊中浮游动物的优势类群,优势度（Y）大于0．02的浮游动物分别为剪形臂尾轮虫（Brachionus forficula）、裂足臂尾轮虫（Brachionus diversicornis）、萼花臂尾轮虫（Brachionus calyciflorus）、桡足类无节幼体（Copepoda nauplii）和卜氏晶囊轮虫（Asplanchna brightwelli）;3个湖泊之间浮游动物的群落结构差异显著（P ＜0．05）,明显划分为东湖群落、青山湖群落和月亮湖群落。叶绿素 a 浓度、浊度和溶氧是浮游动物分布的显著影响因子（P ＜0．05）。多样性指数评价显示,东湖为清洁型水体,青山湖为清洁－中污型水体,月亮湖为轻污－中污型水体。综合评价表明,东湖和青山湖水体为寡营养水平,月亮湖为中富营养水平。     

Multi-scale use of lands providing anthropogenic resources by American Crows in an urbanizing landscape

The conversion of forests and farmlands to human settlements has negative impacts on many native species, but also provides resources that some species are able to exploit. American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), one such exploiter, create concern due to their impact as nest predators, disease hosts, and cultural harbingers of evil. We used various measures of crow abundance and resource use to determine crows’ response to features of anthropogenic landscapes in the Puget Sound region of the United States. We examined land cover and land use composition at three spatial scales: study sites (up to 208 ha), crow home ranges within sites (18.1 ha), and local land cover (400 m²). At the study site and within-site scales crow abundance was strongly correlated with land cover providing anthropogenic resources. In particular, crows were associated with the amount of ‘maintained forest’ cover, and were more likely to use grass and shrub cover than forest or bare soil cover. Although crows did not show a generalized response to an edge variable, they exhibited greater use of patchy habitat created by human settlements than of native forests. Radio-tagged territorial adults used resources within their home ranges relatively evenly, suggesting resource selection had occurred at a larger spatial scale. The land conversion pattern of new suburban and exurban settlements creates the mix of impervious surfaces and maintained vegetation that crows use, and in our study area crow populations are expected to continue to increase. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Changes in fox squirrel anti-predator behaviors across the urban–rural gradient

Predator stimuli created by humans in the urban environment may alter animals’ anti-predator behaviors. I hypothesized that habituation would cause anti-predator behaviors to decrease in urban settings in response to humans. Additionally, I hypothesized that populations habituated to humans would show reduced responses to other predator stimuli. I observed three populations of squirrels (urban, suburban and rural) responses to human approaches, red-tailed hawk vocalizations (Buteo jamaicensis) and coyote (Canis latrans) vocalizations. Mahalanobis distances of anti-predator behaviors in response to human approaches were consistent with the urban–rural gradient. Flight initiation distances (X ² = 26.33, df = 2, P < 0.001) and amount of time dedicated to anti-predator behavior (X ² = 10.94, df = 2, P = 0.004) in response to human approaches were also consistent with the urban–rural gradient. Supporting the habituation hypothesis, naive juvenile squirrels increased flight initiation distances (X ² = 35.89, df = 1, P < 0.001) and time dedicated to anti-predator behaviors (X ² = 9.46, df = 1, P = 0.002) relative to adult squirrels in the same urban environment. Time dedicated to anti-predator behaviors differed among all three sites in response to both coyote (X ² = 9.83, df = 2, P = 0.007) and hawk (X ² = 6.50, df = 2, P = 0.035) vocalizations. Responses to both vocalizations on rural sites (coyote = 45%, hawk = 55%) greater than twice that found on the urban sites (coyote = 11%, hawk = 20%). This is possibly the first case of a transfer of habituation demonstrated under field conditions.     

都市园艺应用型人才实践教学体系的构建

以金陵科技学院园艺学院为例,从构建序列化技能训练的实践教学体系、提高都市园艺人才的职业素能及提升学生创新、创业实践能力几个方面对都市园艺应用型人才实践教学体系进行了构建。     

基于耗散结构理论的西北城镇发展策略研究

在对城镇耗散结构基本特征进行深入分析的基础上,阐释了城镇系统时空演化的实质规律与作用机制。基于耗散结构基本原理,针对西北地区城镇发展现状问题,从城镇自我发展路径选择,动力机制和城镇地位作用以及与周边关系等内、外两方面提出了西北城镇发展的基本策略,即内要优化控制内部要素,提升软实力,内涵式、集约化发展;外要扩大对外开放程度,加强要素流动。     

襄阳古城表层土壤重金属污染特征研究

采集到襄阳古城71个表层土壤样品,测定了其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属含量,用反距离加权插值法分析了重金属分布特征,用地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数进行了污染评价,并用主成分和聚类分析探讨了重金属污染来源。结果表明:襄阳古城表土样品中Hg的平均含量为1.04±1.10 mg kg~(-1),富集最为显著(可达70倍于背景值),其高浓度分布基本与居民区、污水处理厂、垃圾转运场以及人口密集区重合;Cd、Zn、Pb的平均含量分别为0.46±0.15 mg kg~(-1)、160.5±62.97 mg kg~(-1)和46.8±17.34 mg kg~(-1),也发生富集(可达数倍于背景值),高值总体沿NW-SE向分布,且三者的高值分布区域基本重合,指向交通繁忙地点;其它几种元素未明显富集。Hg总体出现中度至重度污染(I_(geo)平均2.52),达到了极高生态风险级别(潜在生态风险因子E_i平均519);Cd总体出现轻度至中度污染(I_(geo)平均0.77),达到较高生态风险级别(E_i平均80.65);Cu、Pb、Zn无污染至轻度污染(I_(geo)<1),As、Cr、Ni无污染(I_(geo)<0),它们为低生态风险级别(E_i<40);8种重金属总体达到了高生态风险级别(RI平均633)。襄阳古城表土样品中Hg主要来自垃圾和污水处理、燃煤等,Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb具同源性应主要源自交通和燃煤,As可能源自农药施用,Cr和Ni具同源性主要为自然来源。     

上海市区街道灰尘重金属污染研究

对上海市区街道灰尘重金属的分布特征、赋存形态及其生物有效性进行了研究,结果表明,市区街道灰尘中Pb、Cu、Ni和Zn的平均含量分别为264、182、86和673 mg kg-1,远高于上海市土壤环境背景值;重金属含量空间分布差异较大,Cu、Pb和Zn污染中心区主要位于商业区和内环线附近,Ni污染中心区主要位于外环线附近;市区街道灰尘中Pb主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在,Cu主要以有机物结合态存在,Ni主要以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态存在,Zn主要以残渣态存在;其生物有效性表现为:Ni≈Pb>Zn>Cu。     

50年来太湖水网地区城市化空间过程的监测与模拟 Ⅰ宜兴城区城市用地扩展的遥感监测

长期以来,由于历史数据的缺乏,很难获得解放后我国城市扩展的完整过程。本研究在遥感、地理信息系统技术支持下,采用7个时期的航空图片和卫星数据,分别对宜兴市194 9、196 6、1981、1984、1992、1996和2 0 0 0年的城区范围和耕地被占用情况进行监测。结果表明,5 0多年来宜兴城区面积从1 5km2 扩展到13 5km2 ,翻了3番多;城市扩展过程呈现两个阶段,即194 9～1984年的缓慢扩展阶段和1985～2 0 0 0年的快速扩展阶段,前一阶段年均扩展速度仅3% ,而后一阶段年均扩展速度达到2 1% ;各个时期城市扩展占用的土地中90 %以上是高质量的耕地,表明城市扩展成为耕地流失的主要因素之一。相关分析显示,城市扩展与工业发展关系最密切,工业发展为城区扩展提供了动力,而城区面积与第三产业比重的相关系数在三个产业中是最高的,表明宜兴城区成为该县第三产业的主要聚集地。从空间扩展过程来看,宜兴城区1984年以前沿着老城区零散填充式扩展,此后沿着公路快速扩展,并逐渐呈块状填充式扩展。由于宜兴处于苏南水网发达地区,水系严重制约了城市扩展的方向,而道路和桥梁建设则导引城市扩展方向     

城市土壤有机碳和黑碳的含量特征与来源分析

由于城市化过程中人为活动的深刻影响，城市土壤的一些性质被强烈地改变。城市土壤有机质由于来源的多样性和受到不同程度人为活动的影响，其组成和分布特征表现出异质性和多样性。本研究以南京市为对象，研究了功能区之间土壤有机碳和黑碳含量的差异。与郊区土壤相比，城市土壤的有机碳含量普遍较高。通过对有机碳组成的分析发现其中稳定的黑碳含量较郊区土壤明显偏高，且在不同功能区之间呈现差异性，体现了人为影响过程和污染来源的差别。同时发现路边绿化带土壤正受到来自交通环境的强烈影响，其有机碳和黑碳含量与其他功能区存在显著差异。不同功能区之间因人为影响的差异，土壤中黑碳含量与有机碳含量的比值表现出明显的不同，可以指示黑碳的可能来源。城市土壤环境中黑碳可能构成了总有机碳中的很大部分，这与自然土壤有明显的差别。     

The effect of urban refuse compost and different tractors tyres on soil physical properties, soil erosion and maize yield

Application of urban refuse compost to agricultural soil could help to solve municipalities' problems related to the increasing production of waste only if soil property improvement and environmental conservation can be demonstrated. The use of low-pressure tractor tyres is another proposal in modern agriculture for reducing soil compaction. This study thus aimed to detect the effects of both compost and low-pressure tractor tyres on soil loss, runoff, aggregate stability, bulk density, penetrometer resistance and maize (Zea mays L.) yield. A 3-year field experiment was carried out on a hilly (15% slope) clay loam soil in central Italy. Twelve plots (200 m² each) were monitored with tipping-pot devices for runoff and soil erosion measurement. Treatments were: compost addition (64 Mg ha⁻¹), mineral fertilisation, use of low-pressure tyres, use of traditional tyres, with three replicates, in a fully randomised block design. Compost was applied once at the beginning of the experiment. Runoff reduction due to compost ranged between 7 and 399 m³ ha⁻¹ during seasons, while soil erosion was reduced between 0.2 and 2.4 Mg ha⁻¹. Mean weight diameter (MWD) of stable aggregates, measured on wheel tracks, increased by 2.19 mm, then progressively decreased. Compost significantly increased bulk density by 0.08 Mg m⁻³ due to its inert fraction content. This effect was less evident in the second and third year, probably due to harrowing. Maize yields were slightly, but significantly, reduced in composted plots by 1.72 Mg ha⁻¹ in the third year. Low-pressure tyres significantly reduced soil loss in the third year by 1 Mg ha⁻¹. Furthermore, they did not significantly influence runoff volumes and soil structural stability. Low-pressure tyres or compost addition were singly able to prevent an increase in penetrometer resistance due to agricultural machinery traffic. Low-pressure tyres increased the maize yield during the 3 years and the difference (0.4 Mg ha⁻¹) became significant in the third year. In conclusion, results show the positive lasting effect of compost in ameliorating soil physical properties and reducing runoff and soil erosion. Low-pressure tyres appear justifiable both for the observed increase of grain production and reduction of soil compaction. This latter effect is, nevertheless, masked by compost addition which is also able to reduce penetrometer resistance. Further research is required to explain the causes of the slight inhibition of grain yield observed when compost was compared with mineral fertilisation.