淮山薯催芽条件的优化

以淮山薯块茎和零余子为材料,研究打破休眠,提高发芽率和不定芽质量的方法。结果表明:采用20~30g大小的零余子,10mg/L的赤霉素(GA3)处理30min,出芽率(88.89%)最高;以块茎为繁殖材料的,最好选择块茎的中上部分,10mg/L的GA3处理50min,出芽率(97.79%)、芽长(17.53cm)和芽直径(7.37cm)均极显著高于其他处理。     

根系切割对菊芋块茎产量及物质分配的影响

以红皮菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)为研究对象,通过对营养生长期和现蕾期菊芋根系进行垂直切割处理,探讨根系切割对菊芋块茎生物产量和物质分配的影响.结果表明:根系切割显著提高了块茎产量(P <0.05),且2个处理时间在20 cm条件下均使块茎产量最高;根系切割提高了菊芋块茎比重和根冠比,降低了茎比重、花比重、叶比重和根比重,有利于增加光合产物在块茎中的分配.     

马铃薯块茎不同部位糖类物质的变化特点

以克新13号马铃薯品种为试验材料,在大田旱作模式下测定出苗后60~90d块茎不同部位糖类物质的含量,研究马铃薯块茎形成过程中不同部位糖类物质变化规律。结果表明：不同糖类在块茎各部位间的含量有差异：不同部位随着生育期的推移淀粉含量均呈上升趋势,髓部最高;蔗糖、可溶性糖含量均呈下降趋势,髓部的蔗糖含量最高,皮层区的可溶性糖含量最高;还原糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量变化均呈单峰曲线,均为皮层区最高。相关分析表明,髓部淀粉含量与还原糖、蔗糖、可溶性糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量呈显著或极显著正相关。说明块茎髓部对淀粉积累起了关键作用。     

Calcareous amendments in truffle culture: A soil nutrition hypothesis

Several statistical studies have indicated that a high concentration of active carbonate in the soil favours Tuber melanosporum fruit body production. The amount of active carbonate is significantly higher and the total carbonate is significantly lower inside than outside the T. melanosporum brûlés. These statistical patterns and other works show that T. melanosporum mycelia may acidify their immediate soil environment and solubilise carbonated fractions. Subsequently, the particular environmental conditions of brûlé soils may favour a secondary carbonate precipitation with a net increase in active carbonate which would in turn favour T. melanosporum mycelia. The greater brûlé size and fruiting are simultaneously both related to how well the fungus is growing, suggesting that the model which best explains the cause-effect of all these observations is a feedback process. Other statistical studies suggest that active carbonate favours increased fruiting of T. melanosporum as compared with Tuber aestivum, Tuber mesentericum and Tuber rufum, which has led to the use of calcareous amendments in truffle culture. We have studied the carbonated fractions of 46 soil samples from T. melanosporum plantations contaminated and uncontaminated with Tuber brumale (a serious problem in truffle culture), and it appears that the use of calcareous amendments does not serve to eradicate T. brumale from these plantations. However, we have observed the positive effect of calcareous amendments on the production of fruit bodies of both species. The similar response by T. melanosporum and T. brumale to soil active carbonate may be related to the close phylogenetic relationships between both species. Based on these findings, we propose a new soil nutrition hypothesis as a guide for research procedures in truffle soil ecology. Soils which are high in active carbonate lead to host plant chlorosis, which is a symptom of an underlying nutrient deficiency. This nutrient deficiency could lead to greater colonisation of T. melanosporum ectomycorrhizas and favour the growth of mycelia, fruit body production and brûlé development, which in turn encourages the formation of new amounts of active carbonate on the basis of the proposed feedback model.     

密度调控方式对马铃薯块茎大小调控功能初探

2014年和2015年分别以尤金和克新13号脱毒原种为供试材料,采用随机区组设计,分别设置6万穴/hm~2、9万穴/hm~2、12万穴/hm~2播种穴数和1、3个主茎/穴(2014年)以及6万穴/hm~2、8万穴/hm~2、10万穴/hm~2播种穴数和1、2个主茎/穴(2015年)等处理,研究密度调控方式对马铃薯块茎大小分布及产量的影响。两年试验结果表明:增加播种穴数或单穴主茎数都将增加30~150 g的块茎产量,降低150 g以上的块茎产量。早熟品种尤金的种薯生产采用12万穴/hm~2、3主茎/穴的播种方式,并于苗后60 d左右收获,可获得较高150 g以下块茎产量;商品薯生产采用6万穴/hm~2、3主茎/穴的播种方式可获得较高商品薯产量。中晚熟品种克新13号的种薯生产采用8万穴/hm~2、2主茎/穴的播种方式,苗后80 d左右收获,可获得较高150 g以下块茎产量;商品薯生产采用6万穴/hm~2、2主茎/穴的播种方式可获得较高商品薯产量。     

四川3种商业块菌可培养内生真菌的分离及鉴定

旨在探究四川块菌主产区商业块菌的内生可培养真菌的群落结构及物种多样性。采集四川省凉山彝族自治州4个块菌产区（新田乡、新云乡、淌塘镇、雪山乡）的新鲜块菌子囊果作为实验材料,用马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基（PDA培养基）对采集子囊果中的内生真菌进行分离培养,通过分子方法鉴定分离菌株的种属。从印度块菌（Tuber indicum）、假凹陷块菌(Tuber pseudoexcavatum )以及中华夏块菌(Tuber sinoaestivum)中共分离得到21株丝状真菌,分属于木霉属(Trichoderma)、毛壳属(Chaetomium)、青霉菌属(Penicillium)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)以及链格孢属(Alternaria),木霉属、镰刀菌属以及青霉菌属在块菌的子囊果中分布较丰富。初步鉴定出四川三种商业块菌的内生可培养真菌的种类,可能对块菌的储存保鲜、指导菌根化苗培育、探究块菌的发生机理机制都有重要意义,但对于具体原理还需要进一步探究。     

欧洲块菌人工栽培技术研究

黑孢块菌、白块菌、勃良第块菌等是分布于西欧地区的著名美味食用菌。法国科学家最早开展了块菌人工驯化及其栽培技术研究，开创了菌根食用菌人工栽培的先河。这一技术在欧洲得到了推广，成为新兴产业；近年来，新西兰和澳大利亚等国也试验成功。本文对块菌菌根化苗生产及种植园经营技术进行综述。     

Colonization of Pedunculate oak by the Burgundy truffle fungus is greater with natural than with pelletized lime

European black truffles can be profitable agroforestry crops outside their native ranges. Truffle fungi grow symbiotically as ectomycorrhizae on the roots of host trees, notably hazels and oaks. Conditions in the central USA appear conducive to cultivation of the Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum Vitt. syn. T. uncinatum Chatin), but research is needed to determine effects of management practices on truffle establishment and fruiting. In a greenhouse study we tested the effect of lime type, inoculation technique, and two truffle sources on Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) growth and mycorrhizal colonization. We found that the type of lime used to raise potting mix pH can differentially affect the growth rate of root systems inoculated with different selections of Burgundy truffle inoculum. Seedlings inoculated with one selection of the truffle and grown in potting mixes amended with natural crushed dolomitic limestone developed larger root systems with more truffle mycorrhizae compared with potting mix amended with high-calcium pelletized quick-release lime. Seedlings inoculated with a second truffle selection were not affected by lime source and developed root systems as large as those developed with the first truffle source grown with natural lime. Supplemental root dip inoculation did not improve levels of colonization beyond those accomplished by potting mix infestation with truffle ascospores. Use of a hygroscopic polymer to maintain ascospore suspension in the inoculum slurry used to infest the potting mix had no effect on root system development or mycorrhiza formation.     

马铃薯块茎发育期主要植物激素的动态变化

为了明晰几种主要的植物激素在马铃薯块茎形成中的作用,本研究采用LC-MS/MS法测定了马铃品种‘PB06’及品种‘会-2’块茎发育不同时期叶片、匍匐茎/块茎组织中植物激素ABA、GA3、JA和IAA含量的动态变化。结果显示,随着块茎的发育,匍匐茎/块茎中ABA及JA含量增加;叶片中ABA含量逐渐增加,JA含量先上升后下降,两个品种变化趋势相同。GA3的积累随着匍匐茎的膨大而下降;IAA含量峰值出现在匍匐茎膨大时,并且在之后匍匐茎的膨大中仍然维持高含量水平。表明,IAA及GA3对匍匐茎的伸长是必要的,ABA、JA是诱导块茎形成的正调控因子,GA3为负调控因子。该研究结果对开展植物激素调控块茎形成机理的研究具有重要的支撑作用。     

土壤通气性对马铃薯产量的影响及其生理机制

选用克新10号和克新11号马铃薯品种为材料，研究了土壤通气性对马铃薯某些生理特性和块茎产量形成的影响。结果证明，改善土壤通气性，可以增加功能叶片ATP含量，提高功能叶片ATP酶活性；增加块茎中ATP含量和脱落酸（ABA）含量,提高块茎中ATP酶活性。促进14C同化物由叶片向块茎的运输和分配，提高干物质在块茎中的分配率；极