马铃薯花色苷研究进展

综述了马铃薯花色苷的分布、种类、结构、提取纯化方法、生理功能和应用等方面的研究进展,并介绍了块茎在发育和储藏期间花色苷的变化及光、温等外界因素对马铃薯块茎颜色的影响.     

Impact of high temperatures on the marketable tuber yield and related traits of potato

A rapid warming of 2.8–5.3 °C by the end of this century is expected in South Korea. Considering the current temperature during the spring potato growing season (emergence to harvest; ca. 18 °C), which is near the upper limit of the optimum temperature for potato yield, the anticipated warming will adversely affect potato production in South Korea. The present study assessed the impact of high temperature on the marketable tuber yield and related traits of cv. Superior (which makes up 71% of the annual potato production in South Korea) in four temperature-controlled plastic houses and an outdoor field (37.27°N, 126.99°E) during 2015–2016. The target temperatures of the four plastic houses were set to ambient (AT), AT+1.5 °C, AT+3.0 °C, and AT+5.0 °C. The marketable tuber yield was significantly reduced by 11% per 1 °C increase over a temperature range of 19.1–27.7 °C. The negative impact of high temperature was associated not only with the yield loss of total tubers, which was mostly explained by the slower tuber bulking rate, but also the reduced marketable tuber ratio under temperatures above 23 °C, which was mainly attributed to the reduced number of marketable tubers (r = 0.79***). Under moderate temperatures below 23 °C, the source limited the number of marketable tubers without reducing the marketable tuber ratio. In contrast, the number of marketable tubers was limited by the marketable tuber set at the early growth stage rather than the source under the higher temperatures, which resulted in the reduction in the marketable tuber ratio below 56%. These results suggest that the objectives of breeding and agronomic management for adapting to the rapid warming in South Korea should include maintaining the ability to form tubers at the early growth stage under high temperatures, as well as the photosynthetic capacity and sink strength of the tubers.     

氮磷钾肥对马铃薯营养状况及块茎产量的影响

试验分别在甘肃省景泰县、内蒙古自治区达拉特旗和河北省沽源县3个马铃薯生产基地进行,在基地常规N、P2O5、K2O肥施用量分别为300、345、375kg/hm2的基础上,研究改变磷、钾、氮肥用量对马铃薯营养状况、块茎产量以及土壤养分的影响。试验结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥用量分别从N300、P2O5345、K2O375kg/hm2降低到180、180、225kg/hm2,对植株干物质累积量没有显著影响,3个基地都呈相同的趋势;3个基地不同处理的块茎产量也没有显著性差异。因此,在试验条件下,氮、磷、钾肥用量和比例为180-180-225的施肥处理,其经济效益较高。施肥对土壤养分含量有较大的影响,特别是磷肥,当施用磷肥后,土壤速效磷含量显著提高,而且主要存在于表层土壤(0￣20cm),这说明缺磷土壤通过施用磷肥,可提高土壤有效磷水平。     

温度对马铃薯块茎形成膨大的影响

 本试验采用"771—56"(早中熟)和"疫不加"(中晚熟)两个品种,分春、秋作,共6个播种期研究马铃薯块茎形成膨大对温度的反应。结果表明:马铃薯各生育期的长短都需要一定的度·日温度积累。播期不同显著影响匐匍茎形成和块茎形成的早迟,但不影响度·日数的变化,品种和季节不同,度·日数也不同。块茎形成不仅要求一定的度·日温度,而且要在一定的温度(16℃左右)条件下,块茎膨大的适宜温度为14～22℃,而最适温度为17～19℃。     

三种薯类作物对土壤干旱反应的差异

对甘薯、马铃薯、菊芋在土壤干旱下的一些生理反应作了比较研究。结果表明,在同样干旱程度下,甘薯的RWC、叶水势变化很小,叶片还保持一定的生长速率,叶细胞膜透性小,Pro没有积累或积累很少,品种间有一定差异;菊芋在干旱下表现则相反,RWC、叶水势剧烈下降、生长停止以至死亡,叶片细胞膜透性和Pro线性增加;马铃薯的各种参数变化处于二者之间。据此可以认为,甘薯的抗旱性最强,马铃薯次之,菊芋最弱。     

马铃薯离体块茎发育过程中的关键因子及其与蛋白质组分的关系

 利用多元相关、通径分析及线性回归分析等手段 ,针对马铃薯离体块茎发育过程中各影响因子对块茎发育的贡献程度进行分析。结果表明 :平均薯重、质体 Mg2 + - ATP酶活性、质体 Ca2 + - ATP酶活性、线粒体 Mg2 + - ATP酶活性、总可溶性蛋白含量、块茎平均直径、Q酶活性等是影响块茎产量的重要因素 ,其中平均薯重、质体 Mg2 + - ATP酶活性、质体 Ca2 + - ATP酶活性、线粒体 Mg2 + - ATP酶活性等是影响离体块茎发育的关键因子。所得线性回归方程为 :Y=0 .5 2 11+0 .0 5 95 X(1) +0 .8389X(2 ) +0 .0 882 X(3) - 0 .0 0 73X(4) +0 .144 9X(5 ) +0 .35 10 X(6 ) +0 .0 0 31X(7) -0 .0 0 0 0 3X(8) +0 .34 12 X(9) +0 .0 12 7X(10 ) +0 .2 90 4X(11) +0 .0 5 70 X(12 ) +0 .0 15 9X(13) +0 . 35 85 X(14) +0 .0 134 X(15 ) - 0 .10 12 X(16 )。在此基础上 ,对于影响离体块茎发育的各关键因子与块茎蛋白质组分的关系进行分析 ,找到了一些可能与发育中这些重要性状相关的蛋白质组分。即总可溶性蛋白组分中 A4、B1、B8、C8,质体蛋白组分中A4及线粒体蛋白组分中的 A4与 B2等 ,对于马铃薯离体块茎晚期发育具有重要作用。     

马尾松容器育苗质量控制技术研究

采取不同激素浸种、不同基质配方和容器、营养液配方、不同修根处理和接种印度块菌对马尾松Pinus massoniana容器育苗的试验,结果表明,用GA50mg·L-1+CaCl220mg·L-1溶液浸种能提高发芽率20.1%;用1/2森林腐殖土+1/2的黄心土作基质最有利于马尾松苗木生长;马尾松容器育苗适宜的容器为250mL的硬质塑料管(杯)和6cm×12cm塑料袋.营养液配方以NPK=321的配比为佳;化学修根防止根系畸形效果最好,碳酸铜浓度以150g·L-1较为合适.接种菌根菌是马尾松容器育苗中提高苗木质量的关键技术措施之一.     

马铃薯光合速率、单株叶面积与产量的相关性研究

通过不同品系马铃薯光合速率、单株叶面积和产量的测定,建立块茎产量(y)与光合速率与单株叶面积之积(x)的直线回归方程y=-18.9689 2.778383x,回归系数b=2.778383大于0,且和0的差异达极显著,证明了马铃薯产量y随光合速率与单株叶面积之积x的增大而增加,两者成正相关关系。因此,光合速率与单株叶面积之积可以作为评价马铃薯产量高低的一个重要标准。     

氮钾互作对马铃薯产量,品质与氮磷钾吸收的影响

本文研究了四个氮钾处理对马铃薯“金冠”品种植株生长、块茎产量与品质和氮磷钾吸收的影响.结果表明:在钾水平相同时,高氮比低氮抑制植株生长与降低块茎产量,尤其是在高钾条件下增氮的减产效应更明显.低氮时增钾明显地促进植株生长与提高块茎产量,而高氮时增钾则抑制植株生长与降低块茎产量.处理中,以低氮高钾(N_4K_6)处理的块茎产量、品质与商品率最佳.氮钾互作明显地影响植株对氮、钾吸收,而对磷吸收影响不大.植株的氮、磷含量与块茎产量无显著相关,植株的钾含量与块茎产量呈显著正相关.植株体内N/K比值与块茎产量呈显著负相关。     

Starch granule size variation and relationship with tuber dry matter content in heritage potato varieties

Heritage potato varieties in Canada are historic old varieties collected from Canada and various countries before the formal establishment of the Canadian plant variety registration system and may be a valuable gene resource for beneficial traits in potato breeding and bioproducts development. Greater evaluation is the key for the enhanced use of these materials. It is unknown how much variation of starch granules occurs among Canadian heritage potato varieties. We analyzed the starch granule size of 14 potato heritage varieties held in the Canadian Plant Gene Resources collection over 2 years using a squeezed juice and microscopic method recently developed at the Potato Research Centre. The varieties demonstrated considerable variation in starch granule size and shape. The granules showed average lengths ranging from 18 μm in the variety Congo to 32 μm in ‘Russet Burbank’. The largest single granule measured from 64 μm in ‘Congo’ to 91 μm in ‘Crotte d’Ours.’ The granule sizes of the varieties showed a very high correlation (r = 0.975, P < 0.0001) between years. This high reproducibility suggests the existence of genetic factors in determining starch granule size. We also found that the starch granule size is positively correlated with tuber dry matter (in terms of specific gravity) in these heritage potatoes. The results demonstrated reproducible genotypic variation for starch granule size and shape in tubers with a significant correlation to tuber dry matter in these heritage potato varieties, and offers the possibility for and agronomic relevance of genetic modification of starch granules through selective breeding.