Influence of genotype and culture conditions on the production of embryos from anthers of tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum)

Summary Anther culture of 10 tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum) genotypes and two backcross lines representing a wide range of genetic variation was studied in a randomized block design with three replications. Each replication consisted of 2 pots with 3 plants. The day length was 16h and temperature 25° C/15°C for day/night in a controlled greenhouse where the anther donor plants were grown. Two different treatments were used for anther culture. The first one was potato 2 medium (Chuang et al., 1978) modified by adding 0.5 mg/l glutamine and solidified by gelrite (4g/l) (Henry & De Buyser, 1981). Cultures were incubated in light (15 E m^–2 S^–1) at 26°C at 16h day length. The second medium was described by Fadel & Wenzel (1990), differing from the first by the nature of the sugar (maltose) and consistency of the medium (semiliquid by ficoll). Anther cultures were incubated in the dark at 28°C. The study of about 1300 anthers per genotype and treatment showed that both genotype and treatment affected embryo formation of tetraploid wheat. The backcross lines exhibited significant differences for androgenic abilities when compared to their common parent. Most of the genotypes were medium dependent for androgenesis and revealed significant interactions with the two treatments. Five green plantlets were regenerated and fertile doubled haploid plants were obtained from three out of the 12 studied genotypes.     

Identification of Powdery Mildew Resistance Genes in Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Major genes for resistance to powdery mildew were analysed in 24 Czechoslovakian wheat cultivars and, in part, in their parents. For this purpose individual isolates of the pathogen, able to differentiate host lines with known resistance genes, were selected. Eight of nineteen winter wheat cultivars do not possess any major resistance gene. Three cultivars have one and seven have two genes. One cultivar carries a combination of three genes (Pm2, Pm4b, Pm8). The most common resistance genes are Pm4b, Pm5 and Pm8. Pm2 is once combined with Pm6. Only one of five spring cultivars lacked a major resistance gene. Mlk is once present alone and twice combined with Pm5. There is one spring cultivar with a novel combination of three genes: Pm1, Pm5 and another gene needing further characterization. The observations are discussed with additional results of parent lines and further information on pedigrees.     

Segregation for isozymes and HMW glutenins in a doubled-haploid cross of winter wheat carrying 1BL.1RS and 5DL.5RS translocations from rye

The doubled haploid (DH) wheat line ‘dh 5841’ carrying two translocations from rye, 5DL.5RS and 1BL.1RS, has been crossed to the subline of wheat cultivar ‘Amadeus 7143’ with a 1BL.1RS translocation. The resulting F₁ hybrid IJ 98 with a heterozygous 5DL.5DS‐5DL.5RS chromosome pair has been used to produce doubled haploids. A total of 57 DH lines were obtained from plantlets regenerated in anther culture after successful colchicine treatment and seed set. These lines were identified regarding the constitution of chromosome 5D (5DL.5DS or 5DL.5RS) by means of isoenzyme marker analysis. Thirty DH lines possessed the 5DL.5DS chromosome, while the remaining 27 lines carried the 5DL.5RS translocation. For some of these lines, the 5DL.5RS chromosome was cytologically confirmed by C‐banding. Furthermore, the DH lines were evaluated for their high molecular weight glutenin subunit composition. All possible combinations for the four independent loci —Skdh, Glu‐Al, Glu‐B1 and Glu‐D1— were detected in only 57 DH lines and no segregation distortion was observed.     

Identification and characterization of quantitative trait loci related to lodging resistance and associated traits in bread wheat

Lodging is a major constraint to increasing yield in many crops, but is of particular importance in the small‐grained cereals. This study investigated the genetic control of lodging and component traits in wheat through the detection of underlying quantitative trait loci (QTL), The analysis was based on the identification of genomic regions which affect various traits related to lodging resistance in a population of 96‐doubled haploid lines of the cross ‘Milan’בCatbird’, mapped using 126‐microsatellite markers. Although major genes related to plant height (Rht genes) were responsible for increasing lodging resistance in this cross, several other traits independent of plant height were shown to be important such as fool and shoot traits, and various components of plant yield. Yield components such as grain number and weight were shown to be an indicator of plant susceptibility to lodging. QTL for lodging and associated traits were found on chromosomes IB, ID. 2B. 2D. 4B, 4D. 6D and 7D. QTL for yield and associated traits were identified on chromosomes IB, ID. 2A. 2B. 2D. 4D and 6A,     

Phenotypic diversity of durum wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum durum</Emphasis> Desf.) from Jordan

Durum wheat landrace genotypes are disappearing from the main wheat areas in Jordan, because of spreading of new uniform cultivars and the serious reduction in wheat cultivation. This study was conducted to evaluate genetic diversity in durum wheat landraces from Jordan and to identify desirable agronomic traits. Landraces were collected from two target areas: Ajloun and Karak. The collected material was grown under rainfed conditions using an augmented design with five blocks and four repeated check cultivars. Data were collected for 14 morphological and agronomic traits. Phenotypic diversity index (H′) was estimated, and the relationships among accessions were measured using cluster analysis and dendrogram similarity matrix. The results revealed the presence of a wide range of variability among landraces., which possess high levels of variability for biological yield, fertile tillers, number of seeds per spike, seed weight per spike and weight of 1000 seeds. These landraces must be considered as a reservoir of genes that plant breeders need in their wheat improvement programs and should be conserved both ex situ and in situ.     

雪腐捷氏霉中国菌系对小麦的致病性研究

系统研究了采自中国的新疆、陕西、青海、宁夏、四川、贵州、湖北等7个省 (区)和捷克的12个雪腐捷氏霉菌系对小麦的致病性和症状特点。各菌系对小麦的各部位均有很强的致病性,但对穗部的致病性较弱。原采自红色雪腐病病株和成株雪霉叶枯病的两类菌系引起相同的症状。参试菌系间致病性强弱有明显差异,但同一菌系在小麦不同生育期对不同器官致病性的强或弱相一致。     

Rhizosphere effects on Cu availability and fractionation in sewage sludge‐amended calcareous soils

Rhizosphere processes have a major impact on copper (Cu) availability and its fractions in soils. A greenhouse experiment with wheat was performed to investigate availability (using seven chemical procedures) and fractionation of Cu in the rhizosphere of ten agricultural soils (Typic Calcixerepts) amended with sewage sludge (1% w/w) using rhizoboxes. The results show that available Cu concentrations in rhizosphere soils were significantly (P < 1%) lower than in bulk soils. In comparison with the bulk soils, in the rhizosphere soils the concentration of Cu associated with organic matter and residual Cu increased by 24 and 4%, respectively, whereas exchangeable Cu, Cu associated with iron‐manganese oxides, and Cu associated with carbonate decreased by 20, 14, and 12%, respectively. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and Cu associated with iron‐manganese oxides and Cu associated with organic matter in the rhizosphere and bulk soils were significantly correlated (P < 5%). The results show that the differences between rhizosphere and bulk soils in chemical conditions such as DOC concentrations can change the proportion of soil Cu fractions and, therefore, Cu availability for wheat in calcareous soils amended with sewage sludge. The results show that the wheat root‐induced modifications of chemical and biological soil conditions do not only lead to Cu depletion in mobile soil Cu fractions, but also to modification in soil Cu fractions which are commonly considered as more stable.     

普通小麦抽穗期控制基因TaHd1研究进展与展望

抽穗期是对普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)安全生产有重要影响的农艺性状,也是一个复杂的受多基因协调互作控制的性状。对普通小麦抽穗期基因控制系统、普通小麦抽穗期基因之一——Ta Hd1的克隆与功能、基因组定位、直向同源区微进化研究进展等方面进行了概述,以期为普通小麦抽穗期性状改良提供一定的理论参考。     

花前渍水对长江中下游主推小麦品种产量的影响

为了研究花前渍水对小麦(Triticum aestivum Linn.)产量的影响,对长江中下游主推小麦品种进行花前渍水试验,在拔节期测量SPAD值(叶绿素相对含量),和黄绿叶面积比,孕穗期测量SPAD值和黄绿叶面积比,并对产量及产量构成因素进行分析。结果表明,渍水导致旗叶SPAD值下降,黄绿叶面积比上升,收获指数下降。产量的构成因素中,千粒重、穗粒数、有效分蘖数下降。综合各个品种来看,不同品种的指标参数下降幅度不同,通过分析不同品种指标参数下降幅度,寻找到优势品种襄麦25和皖麦56。     

基于小麦品种‘洛夫林10’的VIGS体系研究

为将病毒介导的基因沉默(Virus induced gene silencing,VIGS)技术应用于小麦-叶锈菌互作体系及小麦基因功能研究,本试验在优化适宜BSMV繁殖并引起发病的环境条件基础上,将病毒载体转染小麦品种‘洛夫林10’(简称L10)叶片并接种叶锈菌生理小种,发现接种病毒对叶锈菌侵染反应型没有影响,通过构建TaCAMTA4与TaATG8的BSMV-VIGS载体,将体外转录病毒转染小麦,以感染BSMV:PDS的L10作指示,在指示叶片变白后,经半定量RT-PCR检测,发现目的基因的表达量明显降低,表明用VIGS技术能够成功沉默L10中的目的基因,这一结果为进一步研究小麦与叶锈菌互作过程中小麦基因的功能及分子机制奠定了基础。