Seasonal variations in muscle growth dynamics and selected quality attributes in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) fed dietary lipids containing soybean and/or herring oil under different rearing regimes

Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), 1630 ± 510 g at the start of the experiment were reared in tanks for 1 year and subjected to three different environmental regimes; Continuous light and Constant temperature (CC), Natural light and Constant temperature (NC) or Natural light and Ambient temperature (NA). Two diets were fed, where 50% of the dietary lipids were either herring oil or soybean oil supplemented. The fish were sampled in May, August and November the first year, and February and May the following year. The CC groups grew better than the NC and NA groups from May to November, and as a result had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight by the end of the experiment. This difference did however not affect muscle fibre size distribution, or the chosen muscle quality attributes texture, fat content, water or fat loss of the fillet. These quality attributes were influenced by season and body weight, whereas diet had no significant effect. The NA group had lower fat content of the fillet than the other environmental regimes in August, November and May_end, and fat content increased with increasing fish weight. Water and fat losses were lowest in November and February. The diet influenced the fatty acid profile of the musculature; the triacylglycerol fraction reflecting the dietary treatment while the polar fraction was less influenced by diet. The hardness of the fillet was not influenced by the environmental regimes, but by season, and hardness was at its lowest in August, and increased towards the following spring. The muscle fibre distribution varied only with season, and neither treatment nor diet had any effect on the muscle growth dynamics. Recruitment of new fibres seemed mainly to occur during winter, signified by maximum occurrence of fibres < 500 μm² by the end of the experiment in May.     

Influence of high content of dietary soybean oil on quality of large fresh,smoked and frozen Atlantic salmon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmo salar</Emphasis>)

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was grown in sea cages from 700 g to a market size of 3.2 kg on diets containing either 29% Peruvian high polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) fish oil (FO) or 29% soybean oil (SO) as oil source. Chemical analyses and a triangular consumer test were performed on fresh muscle, while colour, texture and liquid holding capacity (LHC) analyses were performed on both fresh muscle, frozen muscle (stored for 3 months) and smoked salmon. The growth and chemical composition of flesh was not affected by the dietary treatment. The muscle fatty acid (FA) profile was reflected by the dietary oil source, and the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) was threefold higher in the salmon fed FO than SO. Muscle pigment concentration was significantly different (p < 0.01) with 7.9 mg kg^–1 for FO and 5.6 mg kg^–1 for SO fed salmon, respectively. This result was also significantly (p < 0.05) reflected in the difference between the instrumentally measured colour of fresh, frozen and smoked muscle, and visual impressions of fresh and frozen muscle. Gaping, texture and liquid holding capacity was not affected by the dietary treatment, and the consumer panel did not detect any differences between the dietary groups. SO can be used as a dietary oil source in the grow-out phase of salmon production without sacrificing product quality in terms of texture, liquid holding capacity and consumer preference. However, a total substitution of high PUFA fish oil by SO in diets for salmon grown to market size, affects muscle colour and the FA profile significantly. (p < 0.05).     

Soil physical quality: Part I. Theory, effects of soil texture, density, and organic matter, and effects on root growth

A soil physical parameter, S, is defined. It is equal to the slope of the soil water retention curve at its inflection point. This curve must be plotted as the logarithm (to base e) of the water potential against the gravimetric water content (kg kg⁻¹). The value of S is indicative of the extent to which the soil porosity is concentrated into a narrow range of pore sizes. In most soils, larger values of S are consistent with the presence of a better-defined microstructure. Much previous work has shown that this microstructure is responsible for most of the soil physical properties that are necessary for the proper functioning of soil in agriculture and the environment. The use of S is illustrated with examples of soils with different texture, density (or degree of compaction), and organic matter (OM) content. The effects of S on root growth in soil are investigated, and S is shown to be a better indicator of soil rootability than bulk density. It is suggested that S can be used as an index of soil physical quality that enables different soils and the effects of different management treatments and conditions to be compared directly.     

Development of texture contrast soils by a combination of bioturbation and translocation

Soils and weathering profiles in a wide variety of parent materials and environmental settings exhibit coarse-over-fine vertical textural contrasts. Where these cannot be attributed to inherited texture contrasts or erosion–deposition, the most common explanations are based on translocation (eluviation–illuviation) which removes clays from surface layers and deposits them in the subsoil; or bioturbation, where preferentially fine material is delivered to the surface by organisms, from whence erosional winnowing creates a coarse surface layer. In some soils of the lower coastal plain of North Carolina, U.S.A., neither explanation is sufficient to explain the observed texture contrasts. A heuristic model based on a combination of translocation of fine material from surface to subsoil, and bioturbation-driven delivery and recycling of material to the surface can explain the observed vertical textural contrasts. The key elements in the model are coastal plain sediments which include some fine material; eluviation–illuviation by percolating water; delivery of additional fine and mixed grain size material to surface by bioturbation, making it available for translocation; concentration of fine material originally scattered throughout the parent material in a B horizon; and maintenance of vertical moisture fluxes by bioturbation. The model is supported by morphological evidence of the key mechanisms, argillic horizons that are finer than both the surface layers and underlying parent material, evidence that argillic horizon formation is not limited by the rate of clay synthesis, and the absence of texture contrasts in nearby soils formed from dune sands which lack fines.     

基于纹理和颜色特征的甜瓜缺陷识别

为了提高硬皮甜瓜缺陷分类的正确率,提取基于纹理和颜色的综合特征,采用支持向量机分类器构造了甜瓜缺陷的自动检测系统。对甜瓜图像可疑区进行了纹理分析,提取灰度共生矩阵的4个特征参数,经过比较实验得出,对比度和角二阶矩2个参数对甜瓜瓜蒂、花萼、擦伤和霉变有明显的可区分性。在可疑区域上提取了由R、G、B分量及其算术运算组成的12种颜色特征,通过实验筛选出4种具有较好区分性的颜色特征。实验结果表明,由这些优选出的纹理与颜色特征组成的综合特征及支持向量机分类器对甜瓜缺陷的识别正确率达到92.2%。     

Blanching of green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Experiments with one and two steps blanching of green beans have been carried out. Inactivation of the peroxydase requires more heating than inactivation of the enzymes which gives rise to off flavour from aldehydes. When blanching for about one minute to inactivate lipoxygenase, aldehyde formation of flavour ceases. The content of vitamin C decreases during blanching according to a first order reaction. Since considerable loss of vitamin C occurs during blanching, the treatment time should be reduced to a minimum. During preblanching at 65–75 °C and final blanching, chlorophyll is degraded to pheophytin and the surface colour expressed by the Hunter-values (–a/b) increases with time which means that the colour of the beans changes from green to yellow. The firmness of beans, which was measured by use of a tenderometer, decreases during blanching according to a first order reaction with 40 kcal/mole activation energy. Preblanching at 65–75 °C increases the firmness of the beans linearly with treatment time. This increase in firmness is stable after final blanching at 95 °C and even after thawing of frozen beans.     

Peach ripening: Segregation at harvest and postharvest flesh softening

The peach melting flesh cultivars ‘Ryan Sun’ and ‘Sweet September’ and the non-melting, ‘Kakamas’ were harvested according to their visually assessed ground color and divided into four, ripeness classes (M1, M2, M3, and M4). The following aspects were determined: fruit mass, soluble, solids content (SSC), ground skin hue angle (h°) and chroma (C*), the absorbance difference at 670 nm and, 720 nm index (I_AD), and the texture (fruit firmness measured with a needle, flesh firmness measured, with a 7.9 mm plunger, and uniaxial compression strength). Considering that in peaches, the h° of the, ground color and the I_AD are maturity indicators closely associated with ripeness and particularly with, flesh firmness, the texture parameters and their relationship to h° and I_AD were examined. The visual, assessment of the ground color was validated as the criterion for sorting the ripeness levels in peaches, as confirmed by h° and I_AD. Fruit firmness assessed with the needle and that with the 7.9 mm plunger, were highly correlated with each other and with the h° and I_AD, whereas the compression strength, exhibited less correlation with the optical properties of the skin. The non-melting ‘Kakamas’ showed, the poorest correlation between texture and h° and I_AD. Comparing both optical properties, the I_AD, showed a higher correlation with texture features than the h°. In a second experiment, fruit from the M3 ripeness class was maintained in a ripening chamber (20 °C, and 80% RH) until the flesh was softened for consumption. During postharvest, the first two principal, components of a principal component analysis explained 85% of the total variance of the texture, components and the optical properties of the skin. PC1 (67.2%) was defined positively by the texture, parameters and I_AD. The h° of the ground color was negatively related to all texture parameters, and, I_AD. PC2 (17.8%) was associated positively with the juice content, and this parameter proved to be, independent of all others.     

面包质构特性测定方法的研究(Ⅵ)——面包硬度与感官评价的关系及压缩速度对面包硬度测定值的影响

用不同品质面粉制作面包样品并进行感官评价和质构特性测定,主要考察了面包感官评价和面包硬度测定值的关系及压缩速度对面包硬度测定值的影响.实验结果表明,面包感官评价总分与面包体积和面包纹理结构都有线性正相关的关系,面包硬度测定值与面包感官评价总分具有很强的相关性.不同面粉材料和不同探头测定位置都有随着压缩速度的增大、面包硬度测定值呈先增后减再增大的规律,探头测定位置为中上时在压缩速度100mm/min时出现硬度测定值的峰值,而在压缩速度为140 mm/min时出现硬度测定值的谷值,探头测定位置为中下时的硬度测定值峰谷值的压缩速度比前者分别大40 mm/min.     

谷氨酰胺转氨酶对不同脂肪含量Cheddar干酪品质的影响

本研究在添加凝乳酶的同时,添加谷氨酰胺转氨酶（TG）（1．0U／g蛋白）,测定不同脂肪含量Cheddar干酪的得率和组分回收率,并监测成熟90d中干酪理化、功能指标的变化以及蛋白水解情况,分析TG对不同脂肪含量Cheddar干酪品质的改善作用．．结果表明,添加TG的全脂干酪的得率、蛋白和脂肪回收率与对照组相比差别不大,添加TG的减脂干酪的得率、蛋白和脂肪回收率比对照组分别增加2．1％、1．9％和13G,（P〈0．05）,添加TG的低脂干酪的得率、蛋白和脂肪回收率比对照组分别增加2．2％、7％和12％（P〈0,05）、干酪成熟前期（1～15d）,添加TG酶的减脂、低脂干酪的硬度显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）,而全脂干酪变化不明显？随着成熟期的延长,TG酶对酪蛋白的交联作用抑制了蛋白的水解,导致干酪硬度增大。     

凝固型发酵酸豆乳制备工艺

为了提高凝固型发酵酸豆乳的质量,消除豆腥味,改善口感,以感官评分为参考指标,研究了乳酸菌和豆水比对酸豆乳质量的影响,并进行了质构分析。结果表明:豆水比200∶1 000,添加RSJ2菌种得到的凝固型发酵酸豆乳感官评价最好,质构分析得出当凝胶强度较低、破裂强度和黏度适中、破裂距离较长时,凝固型发酵酸豆乳的口感较好。