湖北省花生平衡施肥技术研究I.土壤主要养分限制因子

采用土壤养分状况系统研究法分析了湖北省花生主产区的土壤主要养分含量,并在田间试验下进行了验证.结果表明,湖北省花生主产区土壤普遍缺氯,部分地区缺磷,大面积缺钾和硼.平衡施肥能够明显提高花生产量,但不同地区花生对各元素的敏感程度有所不同,应该在测土基础上合理施肥.     

一种农田土壤重金属影响评价的新方法:土壤和农产品综合质量指数法

现有的土壤重金属污染评价方法尚未将土壤和农产品元素含量紧密联系起来,其科学性和可靠性往往受到质疑。本文将农田土壤和农产品中重金属的含量有机地联系在一起,在污染评价中同时考虑了土壤环境质量标准、土壤元素背景值、农产品污染物限量标准和元素价态效应等,提出了适用于土壤重金属复合和单独影响的评价方法。主要步骤包括计算土壤相对影响当量(RIE)、土壤元素测定浓度偏离背景值程度(DDDB)、总体土壤标准偏离背景值程度(DDSB)、农产品品质指数(QIAP),然后在此基础上构建综合质量影响指数(IICQ),它为土壤综合质量影响指数(IICQS)和农产品综合质量指数(IICQAP)之和。同时,文中阐述了评价方法构建的依据和土壤环境质量状态描述与等级划分的建议,将在特定利用条件下的土壤环境质量状况划分为清洁(IICQ≤1)和污染两种状态。在污染中增加了亚污染的描述(土壤和农产品之一超标);而亚污染和污染可根据综合质量指数划分等级,当1IICQ≤2时为轻微污染,2IICQ≤3时为轻度污染,3IICQ≤5时为中度污染,IICQ5时为重度污染。     

中国规模生猪养殖效率测度及其补贴政策效益评价研究

利用曼奎斯特指数和倍差法分析中国2001—2016年生猪补贴政策实施前后的生猪养殖效率,旨在科学地对中国生猪补贴政策效益进行评价。结果表明,在该时间段,中国大规模和中规模生猪养殖的规模效率总体上略有增长,技术效率和纯技术效率下降明显;生猪养殖规模不同,其全要素生产效率变化也有所差异;大、中规模生猪养殖的技术效率变化指数波动幅度并不大,但是全要素生产率和技术进步变化指数波动幅度大,且两者都呈现出同步变化趋势;生猪补贴政策整体上降低了生猪养殖的规模化效率。进一步研究发现,饲料等要素投入的多少对不同规模生猪养殖的规模效率影响差异显著,表现为投入越多,生猪养殖规模效率越大。地域GDP越高,大规模和中规模生猪的养殖规模效率也会越大,而且生猪调出大县奖励和畜牧标准化养殖补贴政策降低了大规模和中规模生猪养殖的规模效率。由此可知,中国生猪养殖规模效率的提升并不能过多地依赖于生猪补贴政策,而应该更多地从根本上提高养殖技术。     

基于灰色关联分析的经济林资产评估市场法

以经济林为例,分析森林资源资产评估市场法的技术思路,提出用灰色关联分析来确定参照物的权重并最终确定待评估经济林的资产价格,旨在为经济林价格评估中市场比较法的应用提供一条新的途径。     

Effects of different soil conservation tillage approaches on soil nutrients,water use and wheat-maize yield in rainfed dry-land regions of North China

Excessive tillage compromises soil quality by causing severe water shortages that can lead to crop failure. Reports on the effects of conservation tillage on major soil nutrients, water use efficiency and gain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in rainfed regions in the North China Plain are relatively scarce. In this work, four tillage approaches were tested from 2004 to 2012 in a randomized study performed in triplicate: one conventional tillage and three conservation tillage experiments with straw mulching (no tillage during wheat and maize seasons, subsoiling during the maize season but no tillage during the wheat season, and ridge planting during both wheat and maize seasons). Compared with conventional tillage, by 2012, eight years of conservation tillage treatments (no tillage, subsoiling and ridge planting) resulted in a significant increase in available phosphorus in topsoil (0–0.20 m), by 3.8%, 37.8% and 36.9%, respectively. Soil available potassium was also increased following conservation tillage, by 13.6%, 37.5% and 25.0%, and soil organic matter by 0.17%, 5.65% and 4.77%, while soil total nitrogen was altered by −2.33%, 4.21% and 1.74%, respectively. Meanwhile, all three conservation tillage approaches increased water use efficiency, by 19.1–28.4% (average 24.6%), 10.1–23.8% (average 15.9%) and 11.2–20.7% (average 15.7%) in wheat, maize and annual, respectively. Additionally, wheat yield was increased by 7.9–12.0% (average 10.3%), maize yield by 13.4–24.6% (average 17.4%) and rotation annual yield by 12.3–16.9% (average 14.1%). Overall, our findings demonstrate that subsoiling and ridge planting with straw mulching performed better than conventional tillage for enhancing major soil nutrients and improving grain yield and water use efficiency in rainfed regions in the North China Plain.     

类胡萝卜素吸收研究进展

关于类胡萝卜素的吸收机制说法不一,目前体外培养的细胞模型被广泛用于类胡萝卜素的吸收研究。本文主要从细胞水平上讨论了类胡萝卜素的吸收研究进展,并详细讨论了类胡萝卜素吸收机制方面研究较多的选择性吸收及吸收过程中的相互影响。细胞对β-胡萝卜素的摄入和分泌表现出浓度依赖性、时间依赖性和饱和性;对不同类胡萝卜素的吸收表现出选择性;类胡萝卜素在吸收过程中表现出相互影响。上述研究结果表明,类胡萝卜素的吸收可能是一个有载体参与的易化运输过程。     

Haplotype analysis of β-actin gene for its association with sperm quality and boar fertility

β‐actin (ACTB) was examined as a direct functional candidate gene for the possible association with sperm concentration, motility (MOT), semen volume per ejaculate, plasma droplet rate, abnormal sperm rate (ASR) and the fertility traits, non‐return rate and number of piglets born alive (NBA). Three polymorphisms in intron 3 (T>C) and one polymorphism in exon 4 (T>C) of porcine ACTB gene were identified by comparative sequencing of animals of the breeds Pietrain and Hampshire. Association analysis revealed that haplotypes affected the variation of the traits MOT, ASR and NBA. The beneficial haplotypes may provide considerable improvement of sperm quality and fertility in the tested commercial boar population.     

所有权概念探讨

在对比各国对所有权的不同界定的基础上,立足于我国国情,重新阐释了所有权的概念。     

毛泽东系统整体优化方法探析

系统整体优化方法是一种科学方法。毛泽东在领导中国人民进行革命和建设的伟大征程中，十分注重将整体优化原则应用于思想方法和工作方法，并形成了相应的系统优化方法。深入探究毛泽东的系统优化方法，具有十分重要的科学价值和现实意义。