Tillage effect on nutrient stratification in narrow- and wide-row cropping systems

Recent research has indicated that conservation systems with narrow-rows have potential for higher crop productivity on southeastern USA Coastal Plains Soil. The objective of this study was to determine how surface tillage and subsoiling affect nutrient distribution in the soil profile in narrow- and wide-row systems. A secondary objective was to determine the effect of row position on soil pH and nutrient concentrations in the wide-row system. Soil samples were collected in 1996 from plots that had been growing soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) double cropped with wheat (Tritiucum aestivum L.) for 3 years and then again in 1999 after 3 years of continuous corn (Zea mays L.). Narrow-row spacing was 19 cm for soybean and 38 cm for corn. Wide-row spacing was 76 cm for both soybean and corn. Wheat was grown in 19 cm wide-rows. Soil samples were randomly collected from throughout the plots in the narrow-row culture. In the wide-row culture, separate samples were collected from the row and from between rows. Treatments were surface tillage (disc tillage (DT) and no surface tillage (NT)), with different frequencies of subsoiling. The soil type was Goldsboro loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Aquic Kandiudult). Soil samples from four depths (the surface 5 cm of the A horizon, the remainder of the A horizon, the E horizon, and the top 7.5 cm of the B horizon) were analyzed for pH, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Nutrient concentrations and pH differed little between row spacings at any depth after either 3 or 6 years. Differences due to subsoiling appeared mainly due to nutrient removal as the treatments with more intense subsoiling had higher yield and lower concentrations of nutrients (except K). Concentrations of P, Mg, and Ca at the soil surface tended to be higher in NT than in DT, especially in the mid-rows of the 76 cm wide-row systems. The data suggest only small differences in soil nutrient stratification can be expected as growers adopt narrow-row crop production systems with intensive subsoiling.     

The consequences of wheel-induced soil compaction and subsoiling for silage maize on a sandy loam soil in Belgium

In Belgium, growing silage maize in a monoculture often results in increased soil compaction. The aim of our research was to quantify the effects of this soil compaction on the dry matter (DM) yields and the nitrogen use of silage maize (Zea mays L.). On a sandy loam soil of the experimental site of Ghent University (Belgium), silage maize was grown on plots with traditional soil tillage (T), on artificially compacted plots (C) and on subsoiled plots (S). The artificial compaction, induced by multiple wheel-to-wheel passages with a tractor, increased the soil penetration resistance up to more than 1.5 MPa in the zone of 0–35 cm of soil depth. Subsoiling broke an existing plough pan (at 35–45 cm of soil depth). During the growing season, the release of soil mineral nitrogen by mineralisation was substantially lower on the C plots than on the T and S plots. Silage maize plants on the compacted soil were smaller and flowering was delayed. The induced soil compaction caused a DM yield loss of 2.37 Mg ha⁻¹ (−13.2%) and decreased N uptake by 46.2 kg ha⁻¹ (−23.2%) compared to the T plots. Maize plants on compacted soil had a lower, suboptimal nitrogen content. Compared with the traditional soil tillage that avoided heavy compaction, subsoiling offered no significant benefits for the silage maize crop. It was concluded that avoiding heavy soil compaction in silage maize is a major strategy for maintaining crop yields and for enhancing N use efficiency.     

大豆肥田机制的研究Ⅱ.常规技术条件下大豆根系动态

研究大豆根系的动态变化有助于探讨大豆根系对土壤环境影响的各个时期和各土层的机制。结果表明：大豆分枝期至开花期根系生长迅速,各处理此时期皆占苗期至鼓粒期总根量的６０～７０％,Ａ、Ａ’和Ｂ三处理最大根量在结英期,只有Ｂ’最大根量提前。在结英期、Ａ处理根重及根长比Ｂ’分别增长４１％和９１％。大豆结英期根系在土壤层中的分布：０～１０ｃｍ根重比其它层次占绝对优势,其中Ａ’较明显。大豆根长在１０～２０ｃｍ土层占优势,但与其他层次的判别小于根重的差别。大豆根重与大豆产量呈正相关,凡使大豆增产的技术都增加其根重。     

The effect of subsoiling on soil resistance and cotton yield

Soil compaction occurs due to heavy wheeling or repetitive tillage in the field. Soil compaction changes the soil physical parameters and water infiltration that cause reduction in the crop yield. Proper subsoiling alleviates the negative effect of soil compaction. The objectives of the research was to examine the effects of subsoiling on the resistance of the soil and to find out deep tillage effects on the cotton yield and the convenient time for applying subsoil treatment for reducing the soil compaction. One-pass (B) and two-passes (C) subsoil treatments were applied in the fields where wheat, silage maize (Zea mays L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crops were grown by 2 years rotation. The experiment was started in 1998 and carried out for 4 years. Soil penetrations were measured during the experiments years at thaw conditions of silty-clay soil (43% clay, 50% silt, 7% sand) before seedbed preparation in autumn seasons. According to the results, the subsoiling treatments created statistically significant effects on the soil resistance (P<0.05) comparing the control plots (A). The initial disruption in subsoiled plots has almost disappeared after 2 and 4 years in B and C plots, respectively. The soil resistance in C plots was lower than in B plot. The percentage of decrease in the soil resistance from A to B and A to C plots was calculated as 13.3 and 26.2%, respectively, in the first year. In the effective subsoiling area from 0.20 to 0.50 m depth, the ratio of penetration decrease in both plots was about 7–8% per year. The difference of penetration decrease between B and C plots was found to be about 15.8% level. Cotton yields at each subsoiled plots increased slightly comparing with control plots (A) where subsoiling was not applied. However, these increments were found to be statistically insignificant. It may be concluded that the subsoiling treatments does not affect the crop yield in intensive and fully irrigated field conditions.     

旋耕深松联合作业的功率消耗研究

根据拖拉机-农具机组匹配理论研制出与中等功率拖拉机配套的深松、旋耕组合作业机具。以单位耕作面积消耗功率和单位面积所需牵引力等为参数进行机具设计,对机具进行了单独旋耕、单独深松以及组合工况的试验,试实验表明确定的单位耕作面积消耗功率值等参数可以作为机具总体参数计算的依据。联合作业时机具功率消耗小于旋耕和深松单独作业所消耗的功率之和,从而降低了能源消耗。     

不同耕作措施对红壤坡耕地耕层质量的影响

为探明不同耕作措施对云南红壤坡耕地耕层土壤抗侵蚀性能和生产性能的影响,以常规耕作为对照,设置免耕、翻耕20 cm、翻耕20 cm+压实、翻耕20 cm+深松30 cm四种耕作措施,采用土壤质量指数法对不同耕作措施下耕层质量变化特征进行分析评价。结果表明：（1）不同耕作措施对红壤坡耕地耕层土壤抗侵蚀性能影响显著。翻耕20 cm+深松30 cm处理下土壤饱和导水率最大（1.19 mm·min^-1）;与常规耕作相比,翻耕20 cm+深松30 cm处理下水稳性团聚体平均质量直径增加28.13%;免耕处理下土壤抗剪强度最高（12.12 kg·cm^-2）,耕层土壤饱和导水率最大（1.27 mm·min^-1）;翻耕20 cm处理下大于0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、水稳性团聚体平均质量直径、几何平均直径均显著高于其他措施,分别为69.64 g·kg^-1、1.74 mm、0.77 mm。（2）不同耕作措施对红壤坡耕地耕层生产性能影响具有差异性表现,免耕处理下土壤容重显著增大,土壤有机质、有效磷在表层富集;翻耕20 cm、翻耕20 cm+深松30 cm处理下,耕层增厚效果显著,土壤有机质、有效磷含量显著增加。（3）红壤坡耕地耕层土壤质量及诊断指标的适宜性对耕作措施响应有差异,翻耕20 cm+深松30 cm处理耕层土壤质量指数最大（0.58）;翻耕20 cm、翻耕20 cm+深松30 cm处理的耕层厚度、容重及有效磷指标均在适宜性阈值范围。上述研究结论可为红壤坡耕地适宜耕作措施选择以及坡耕地合理耕层的构建与评价提供参考。     

两年免耕后深松对土壤水分的影响

 【目的】研究两年免耕后深松对土壤水分的影响,提高保护性耕作条件下对土壤水分的利用效率。【方法】土壤免耕第3年的基础上深松40 cm,2005～2006年连续两年通过田间试验观测深松对土壤水分的影响,分析深松保墒增产的机理。【结果】莜麦作物生育期0～100 cm土壤贮水量,深松显著高于对照。在0～100 cm的土层剖面上,50～100 cm土壤水分含量深松显著高于对照,干旱少雨时,土壤水分含量随土层深度增加而增加;降雨集中时,随土层深度增加而减少。与对照相比,深松减少了0～50 cm的作物耗水量,促进根系对50～100 cm土层土壤水分的消耗。土壤深松处理比对照两年平均增产18.29％,水分利用效率增加9.68％。保墒增产效果受降水量的影响,分布均匀的降雨有利于增产并提高水分利用效率。另一方面,深松降低了表层土层容重,增加接纳雨水的能力,增强作物对水分的利用效率。【结论】在免耕的基础上深松,是北方农牧交错带有效增加水分利用效率的保护性轮耕措施。     

基于旱地小麦“三提前”蓄水保墒技术播种方式的研究

采用大田试验于2011～2012年在山西农业大学闻喜试验基地进行旱地小麦休闲期"三提前"蓄水保墒技术的深翻模式和深松模式研究,并在此基础上研究全膜覆土穴播、膜际条播、沟播、宽幅精播、条播5种播种方式对土壤水分、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:"三提前"蓄水保墒技术可提高底墒,显著提高从越冬期到抽穗期0～300cm土壤的蓄水量,显著增加群体分蘖,显著增加穗长、可育小穗数,减少不育小穗数,增加穗数、穗粒数,使产量和水分利用率提高,且以深松模式效果较好。休闲期采用"三提前"蓄水保墒技术,全膜覆土穴播和膜际条播较其它播种方式具有较好的蓄水保墒效果,群体分蘖增加,育出冬前壮苗,穗数及穗粒数增加,产量提高。结果还表明,休闲期采用深翻模式,全膜覆土穴播或膜际条播方式较其它播种方式均可显著提高水分利用效率,但两种播种方式间差异不显著;休闲期采用深松模式,水分利用效率以全膜覆土穴播最高。搞清旱地小麦休闲期"三提前"蓄水保墒技术最适配套播种方式,可为旱地小麦蓄水、保墒、高产、稳产提供理论依据。     

玉米深松免耕播种对土壤性状及玉米生长发育的影响

在河北一年两熟区大田条件下,研究了玉米深松免耕播种对土壤物理性状及玉米生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明:玉米深松免耕播种后,土壤耕层10~40 cm土壤容重较对照田下降了1.77%,0~100 cm土壤含水量较对照高7.53%左右;能够改善玉米根系生长的土壤条件,根系粗壮,促进了夏玉米生长发育,较对照增产10.9%。     

机械化深松技术及苏州地区适应性研究

机械化深松技术是土壤保护性耕作和获取农作物高产必不可少的农机作业技术。文章阐述了机械化深松技术研究现状和深松机具的研究进展,对苏州地区开展机械化深松适应性进行了探讨,分析了苏州地区开展机械化深松技术存在的问题,为机械化深松技术推广和机具选型提供了参考。