深松机具与耕作阻力

本文分析了影响深松机具牵引阻力的因素。深松作业的牵引阻力与作业速度的平方以及松土深度成正比。铲头形状影响切土、碎土阻力,铲柄形状影响土壤惯性阻力、土壤与铲柄的摩擦阻力及碎土阻力。在粘土地上,园孤形铲柄较前倾直线形铲柄的牵引阻力小,但在沙壤土中,则前倾45度的直线形铲柄较园孤形铲柄的牵引阻力小。因此,应根据土壤类型合理选用深松部件的形状以减小牵引阻力。     

Water transmission characteristics of a Vertisol and water use efficiency of rainfed soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) under subsoiling and manuring

In Vertisols of central India erratic rainfall and prevalence of drought during crop growth, low infiltration rates and the consequent ponding of water at the surface during the critical growth stages are suggested as possible reasons responsible for poor yields (<1 t ha⁻¹) of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Ameliorative tillage practices particularly deep tillage (subsoiling with chisel plough) can improve the water storage of soil by facilitating infiltration, which may help in minimizing water stress in this type of soil. In a 3-year field experiment (2000–2002) carried out in a Vertisol during wet seasons at Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, we determined infiltration rate, root length and mass densities, water use efficiency and productivity of rainfed soybean under three tillage treatments consisting of conventional tillage (two tillage by sweep cultivator for topsoil tillage) (S₁), conventional tillage + subsoiling in alternate years using chisel plough (S₂), and conventional tillage + subsoiling in every year (S₃) as main plot. The subplot consisted of three nutrient treatments, viz., 0% NPK (N₀), 100% NPK (N₁) and 100% NPK + farmyard manure (FYM) at 4 t ha⁻¹ (N₂). S₃ registered a significantly lower soil penetration resistance by 22%, 28% and 20%, respectively, at the 17.5, 24.5 and 31.5 cm depths over S₁ and the corresponding decrease over S₂ were 17%, 19% and 13%, respectively. Bulk density after 15 days of tillage operation was significantly low in subsurface (15–30 cm depth) in S₃ (1.39 mg m⁻³) followed by S₂ (1.41 mg m⁻³) and S₁ (1.58 mg m⁻³). Root length density (RLD) and root mass density (RMD) of soybean at 0–15 cm soil depth were greater following subsoiling in every year. S₃ recorded significantly greater RLD (1.04 cm cm⁻³) over S₂ (0.92 cm cm⁻³) and S₁ (0.65 cm cm⁻³) at 15–30 cm depth under this study. The basic infiltration rate was greater after subsoiling in every year (5.65 cm h⁻¹) in relation to conventional tillage (1.84 cm h⁻¹). Similar trend was also observed in water storage characteristics (0–90 cm depth) of the soil profile. The faster infiltration rate and water storage of the profile facilitated higher grain yield and enhanced water use efficiency for soybean under subsoiling than conventional tillage. S₃ registered significantly higher water use efficiency (17 kg ha⁻¹ cm⁻¹) over S₂ (16 kg ha⁻¹ cm⁻¹) and S₁ (14 kg ha⁻¹ cm⁻¹). On an average subsoiling recorded 20% higher grain yield of soybean over conventional tillage but the yield did not vary significantly due to S₃ and S₂. Combined application of 100% NPK and 4 t farmyard manure (FYM) ha⁻¹ in N₂ resulted in a larger RLD, RMD, grain yield and water use efficiency than N₁ or the control (N₀). N₂ registered significantly higher yield of soybean (1517 kg ha⁻¹) over purely inorganic (N₁) (1392 kg ha⁻¹) and control (N₀) (898 kg ha⁻¹). The study indicated that in Vertisols, enhanced productivity of soybean can be achieved by subsoiling in alternate years and integrated with the use of 100% NPK (30 kg N, 26 kg P and 25 kg K) and 4 t FYM ha⁻¹.     

玉米品种根系性状和产量不同年代的演替规律及其对深松响应研究

以1970～2010年10个玉米主栽品种为试材,在深松增密条件下,研究玉米品种演替过程中根系性状和产量的变化情况。结果表明,随着年代推进,玉米单株根系性状指标(根系干重、根长、根表面积以及根系平均直径)均呈先升后降的变化趋势,1980年各指标达到最大值。根系性状指标在20～50 cm土壤中根系所占比例随着品种更替而增加,根系不断向深层土壤延伸。深松增密措施更有利于玉米新品种形成横向紧缩、纵向延伸的根系构型,不仅通过改变根系空间分布实现结构性增产,而且通过改善耕层环境实现功能性增产。     

深松条件下春玉米花后衰老过程中根系生物学变化特征

采用PVC管栽方法,研究模拟犁底层和深松处理下春玉米花后衰老过程中根系的生物学变化特征。结果表明,在玉米花后,相同根层节根数均表现为深松处理>模拟犁底层处理。犁底层影响根系在不同深度土壤空间分布,深松处理20～35 cm 土壤深度和36～75 cm 土壤深度玉米根系体积分别比犁底层处理增加176.33%和185.92%;在模拟犁底层处理下,90%以上的根系主要集中在0～20 cm土壤深度,深松处理90%以上的根系主要集中分布在0～35 cm深度土壤。深松增加下层土壤（30～75 cm）根系比重,根系空间分布更加合理。根系衰老进程,花后20 d开始犁底层处理下36～75 cm土壤深度玉米根系衰老速度加快,该深度根系重量开花期比深松处理低2.91%,花后50 d比深松处理低12.31%。犁底层的存在限制玉米根系的发育,深松有利于增加深层土壤的根系分布,能减缓后期根系衰老速度。     

深松耕作对新疆绿洲棉田土壤特性及产量形成的影响

为探讨深松耕作对新疆绿洲棉田土壤特性及产量形成的影响,在秸秆还田和常规翻耕条件下,以不深松棉田为对照（SST0）,设置深松30 cm（SST1）、40 cm（SST2）、50 cm（SST3）处理,研究不同深松深度下棉花关键生育期土壤指标变化及其产量形成特征。结果表明：深松能降低棉花生育期土壤体积质量、土壤紧实度,增加土壤含水率,同时使耕层土壤含盐量减小。与SST0相比,SST1、SST2、SST3处理 0~60 cm土层平均土壤体积质量降低0.84%、3.94%、4.78%,土壤紧实度降低1.84%、9.49%、16.57%。蕾期、花铃期0~30 cm土层土壤含水率以SST2最高,较SST0增加31.00%、64.50%,而土壤含盐量变化则与之相反,以SST2最低,较SST0下降11.10%、19.10%。深松显著促进了棉花中后期干物质积累,深松深度为40 cm时,干物质最大积累速率V_m和生长特征值GT达到峰值,SST1、SST2、SST3产量较SST0提高0.26%、18.20%、 2.45%。综上所述,深松40 cm时效果较好,对新疆棉田土壤特性改善和产量提高有积极作用。     

Preliminary observations on effects of tillage systems on soil physical properties, cotton root growth and yield in Gezira Scheme, Sudan

The decline in cotton yields in the Gezira Scheme, Sudan, has been partially attributed to deterioration in soil physical properties and the formation of a plough pan 20 cm deep as a result of the repeated use of the disc plough for land preparation. This field study was conducted during the 1990/91 season at the Gezira Research Station Farm to evaluate the effect of tillage on some soil physical properties of Vertisols, root growth and yield of cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.). Three tillage systems were used: disc harrowing (DH), three bottom disc plough (DP) and subsoiling (SS). Infiltration rates, bulk densities, soil penetration resistance, moisture depletion and root and shoot growth were measured. The results indicated that infiltration rate was not increased significantly by SS. Plant height and shoot dry matter were significantly higher with SS at later growth stages. Bulk density of the plough pan at 135 days after sowing accounted for 90% of the observed variation in subsoil root dry weight while soil penetration resistance accounted for 59% of the variation. Subsoiling increased water use efficiency 25 and 13% over DH and DP respectively. Subsoiling increased cotton yields over DH but the increase over DP was not significant.     

深松与控释尿素耦合对夏玉米穗位叶衰老代谢及籽粒产量的影响

试验采用裂区设计,以耕作方式为主区,施肥方式为副区,研究田间不同耕作方式下,施肥方式对玉米穗位叶衰老代谢及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,相同耕作方式下,控释尿素处理可显著提高植株的总吸氮量,在玉米吐丝后光合叶面积指数显著高于常规尿素处理（P〈0．05）,控释尿素处理也可显著提高玉米穗位叶SOD、POD和CAT活性,增加可溶性蛋白含量,降低MDA积累量。因而,该控释尿素处理对籽粒灌浆速率的提高效果显著。相同施肥方式下,深松处理可以提高植株水分利用效率,有利于玉米产量的提高。深松与控释尿素耦合满足了植株对水分氮素吸收利用的时空需求,显著提高了玉米吐丝后的光合叶面积指数、抗氧化酶活性、灌浆速率和干物质积累量,延缓穗位叶衰老效果最佳,籽粒产量最高。     

Long-term soil and shortleaf pine responses to site preparation ripping

A shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) ripping study was established by the Missouri Department of Conservation in March 1988 at the Logan Creek Conservation Area, USA. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of ripping on soil chemical and physical properties, on free-to-grow status, and on survival and growth of planted shortleaf pine seedlings. After 16 years, ripping increased exchangeable calcium; however, it had no long-term effects on soil particle size, organic carbon, pH, exchangeable potassium and exchangeable magnesium. Ripping increased the percentage of free-to-grow saplings by 3.8% after two growing seasons. Ripping improved survival by 4% during the 1st three growing seasons and by 7.1% at age 16. After two growing seasons, ripping improved crown spread by 13.6%, height by 14.2%, diameter by 14%, and volume by 41.2%. At age 16, ripping no longer had an effect on shortleaf pine height and had reduced diameter by 5.3% and volume by 11.0%. Our results suggest that ripping 1) had no effect on long-term physical properties or chemical properties of the soil, 2) had no effect on the number of free-to-grow seedlings, and 3) produced short-term benefits on survival and growth of planted shortleaf pine.     

1GZ-4型耕耘整地复式作业机深松装置的试验研究

通过对弹性弯曲铲柄式深松装置和直铲柄式深松装置的实地测试,对试验数据结果进行了记录、分析、整理.最终证明了弹性弯曲铲柄式深松装置在碎土性、防拥堵等方面性能都要优于直铲柄式深松装置,因此,更适合于耕耘整地作业.     

Effects of Subsoiling to the Non-tilled Field of Wheat-Soybean Rotation on the Root System Development,Water Uptake,and Yield

Abstract

We introduced subsoiling to a field of wheat-soybean rotation where no-tillage practice had been conducted for five years and whose yield tended to decrease or stagnate. By subsoiling a half of each plot just before wheat sowing, treatments of tillage/no-tillage × subsoiling/no-subsoiling were established. Root distribution, shoot growth, water uptake and yield of both crops were examined to elucidate whether the subsoiling improves the productivity such as shoot biomass and yield through the modification of root system development, and how differ the effects of subsoiling between tilled and non-tilled fields. In wheat, roots were less concentrated in surface (0 ? 5 cm) layer in no-tillage, and distributed more in deep (20 ? 25 cm) layer of the soil. Deuterium labeled heavy water analysis revealed that the subsoiling enhanced water uptake from the deep soil layer in the no-tillage field. Both the no-tillage and subsoiling showed positive and significant effect on total biomass and yield. The effect of subsoiling must be related to water supply by deep roots in spring. In soybean no-tillage significantly increased the productivity, but subsoiling did not though distribution of the roots was modified by both practices. Soybean in non-tilled accumulated roots in the surface soil layer, but subsoiling did not significantly modify the root distribution especially in the deep soil layer. Water uptake trend and yield was thus not changed significantly by subsoiling. Subsoiling in the non-tilled field increased rooting depth and showed the possibility of braking yield stagnation in long-term no-tillage cultivation in wheat, but not in soybean.