Fecal D- and L-lactate, succinate and volatile fatty acid levels, and relationships with fecal acidity and diarrhea in neonatal calves

To clarify the significance of fecal organic anions in neonatal diarrhea, a total of 252 fecal samples (91 diarrheic, 161 normal) were collected from 136 dairy calves (including three crossbreds) less than 4 weeks old. Fecal pH, D‐ and L‐lactate, succinate and volatile fatty acid (VFA) were analyzed. In normal feces, lactate was highest and VFA was lowest at week 1 of age, and lactate progressively decreased and VFA progressively increased with advancing age. In diarrheic samples, although higher pH and lower lactate levels were confirmed at week 1, samples at weeks 3–4 showed lower pH and VFA accompanied by higher lactate of D and L‐isomers. In diarrhea, fecal butyrate was significantly lower at all stages, but succinate levels did not differ significantly. The proportion of lactate to organic anions (sum of lactate, succinate and VFA) in diarrheic feces was lower at week 1, and higher in weeks 2–4, while that of VFA to organic anions showed the opposite pattern. Strong relationships were observed between fecal pH and lactate, and VFA proportions in organic anions, though the relationship was weak in diarrhea. Most of the elevated lactate was observed in fecal samples with lower VFA. However, succinate had no relationship with VFA or lactate levels.     

Denitrification in intact subsoil cores

 Intact, unamended subsoil cores taken from two contrasting field sites were incubated in the laboratory at 12  °C under aerobic (21% O₂) and anaerobic (1.1–5.5% O₂) conditions. Denitrification of ¹⁵N-NO₃ ^– diffusing into the cores across a semi-permeable membrane was estimated by: (1) direct observation of ¹⁵N-labelled N₂ and N₂O, and (2) mass balance following sectioning at the end of the experiment. The in situ denitrification potential (rates where the supply of NO₃ ^– is not limited by diffusion) was estimated using a finite-difference approximation to a diffusion reaction equation based on comparison of time and depth profiles of NO₃ ^– and Br^– in the incubated cores. Potentials between 0.2 and 2.5 mg N kg^–1 day^–1 were obtained under low O₂ and natural C concentrations. These results indicate the potential for denitrification in glacial till subsoils to reduce NO₃ ^– leaching to ground or surface waters to levels unlikely to result in a pollution hazard. The major product of NO₃ ^– reduction in these subsoils was observed to be N₂, rather than the greenhouse gas and catalyst of stratospheric O₃ removal, N₂O. Received: 31 October 1997     

Influence of single passes with high wheel load on a structured, unploughed sandy loam soil

In a field experiment, a sandy loam was subjected to single passes with a sugar beet harvester at two different soil water potentials. Different hopper fillings resulted in ground contact pressures of 130 kPa (partial load) and 160 kPa (full load) underneath the tyre. Bulk density, macroporosity (equivalent pore radius >100 μm), penetrometer resistance, air permeability and pre-consolidation pressure were measured within and next to the wheel tracks at depths of 0.12–0.17, 0.32–0.37 and 0.52–0.57 m. Furthermore, the soil structure at two horizons (Ahp 7–24 cm, B(C) 24–38 cm) was visually assessed and classified.

The moist plot responded to a wheel load of 11.23 mg (160 kPa) with an increase in bulk density and pre-consolidation pressure as well as with a decrease in air permeability and macroporosity at a depth of 0.12–0.17 m. With a wheel load of 7.47 mg (130 kPa) on the moist plot and with both wheel load levels on the dry plot, only slight changes of the soil structure were detected. At a depth of 0.32–0.37 and 0.52–0.57 m, the measurements did not indicate any compaction. An ANOVA indicates that the factor “soil water potential” and the factor “wheel load” significantly influence the bulk density at a depth of 0.12–0.17 m. No interactions occurred between these two factors. The wheel traffic on the test plot had no effect on the yield of winter wheat planted after the experimental treatment.

Bulk density, macroporosity and pre-consolidation pressure proved to be sensitive to detect compaction because they varied only slightly and are easy to measure. In contrast, the standard deviation of air permeability is large. The soil structure determined visually in the field confirms the values measured in the laboratory. The results of the penetrometer resistance measurements were not explainable.     

调控土壤pH值对柠檬幼树光合特性和叶绿素含量的影响

为研究柠檬幼树对土壤pH值胁迫的光合生理响应,扩大柠檬种植范围,确定其适生的土壤酸度范围。以1 年生柠檬幼树为试验材料,用盐酸和生石灰溶液浇淋盆栽柠檬土壤,以调节土壤pH值,测定柠檬叶片的光合参数和叶绿素含量。结果表明：土壤酸度对柠檬幼树净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、叶绿素a、b 和叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量有显著影响(P<0.05)。胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度和蒸腾速率在pH 7~8 最高。同时,在此处理下叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素(a+b)和类胡萝卜素在pH 7~8含量较高。适合柠檬‘云柠1号’栽培的土壤pH 7~8,而过酸或过碱都不利于柠檬光合作用。     

心土层肥力差异对大豆生长特性及产量的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了不同肥力心土层及不同施磷量对大豆生长特性和产量的影响。结果表明:随着心土层肥力和施磷量的增加,株高和叶绿素显著增加;干物质积累量不同肥力间无规律性变化,磷肥施用量120 kg·hm~(-2)的高肥力心土干物质积累量最高,为116.68 g·盆~(-1),中肥力心土施磷肥量180 kg·hm~(-2)的干物质积累量较高,为107.60g·盆~(-1),低肥力施用磷肥240 kg·hm~(-2)干物质积累量为103.76 g·盆~(-1),心土肥力水平与施肥量达到一定关系有利于干物质积累,处理间差异显著;不同肥力心土层大豆垂直根长差异显著,依次为高中低肥力处理,根干重、根瘤个数和根瘤干重均与不同肥力心土层和施肥量呈正相关;不同肥力心土大豆产量差异显著,高肥力心土施用120 kg·hm~(-2)磷肥大豆产量最高,达到318 g·盆~(-1);中等肥力施用180 kg·hm-2磷肥产量次之,为299.8g·盆~(-1);低等肥力施用240kg·hm~(-2)磷肥居第三,为283.5 g·盆~(-1);不同肥力心土施用适量肥料才能达到最佳效果。     

液体饲料pH值对荷斯坦公犊血气指标的调控

【目的】哺乳期犊牛胃肠道功能尚未健全,对日粮的消化能力不足,易导致腹泻等营养性疾病的发生,降低成活率。实施早期断奶的哺乳期犊牛日粮以液体的代乳品为主,其酸度对犊牛健康有着比成年牛更加重要的影响,但目前犊牛血气指标变化的规律、正常值范围等数据仍不成体系,无法判别日粮酸度是否适宜。本研究以48头新生荷斯坦公犊牛研究液体饲料pH值对哺乳期犊牛血气指标的影响,探索犊牛血气指标的变化规律。【方法】采用2×4因子设计,2种代乳品,其植物蛋白占总蛋白比例分别为50%和80%,代乳品乳液pH值分别调整为6.2、5.5、5.0、4.5,共计8个处理组。将48头新生荷斯坦公犊随机分配到上述8个组中,分别饲喂上述代乳品乳液。试验期63 d,其中预试期21d,正试期42 d。每两周测定犊牛体重,每日记录代乳品和颗粒料的采食量;在21、49 d抽取全血检测血液pH值、二氧化碳分压（pCO2）、氧气分压（pO2）、氧饱和度（SO2）、[HCO3-]浓度（HCO3-）、实际剩余碱量（ABE）、总二氧化碳量（TCO2）、标准碳酸氢盐浓度（SBC）和标准剩余碱（SBE）。采用SAS软件GLM或MIXED模型对生长性能或血气指标进行统计分析,以REG模型建立血气指标与代乳品乳液pH值之间的相关关系式,以正态分布检验血气指标的变化。【结果】降低代乳品乳液pH值可提高犊牛平均日增重（P＜0.05）;代乳品乳液pH值对犊牛血液pO2、SO2、HCO3-、ABE、TCO2、SBC和SBE皆有极显著的影响（P＜0.01）,对血液pH值、pCO2也具有影响趋势;随着代乳品乳液pH值的降低,犊牛血液pH值、pCO2、pO2、SO2、HCO3-、TCO2呈现出二次曲线变化规律（P＜0.05）,R2分别达到0.9201、0.8481、0.8600、0.9445、0.8631、0.8141,ABE、SBC和SBE则呈现出直线型改变（P＜0.05）,R2分别为0.9060、0.8126、0.8298。血液pH值和pCO2随日龄变化有显著改变（P＜0.05）;除HCO3-、ABE、SBE外,其他血气指标符合正态分布规律（P＞0.05）。代乳品中植物蛋白占总蛋白的比例由50%提高到80%时,犊牛平均日增重和干物质采食量降低,但血气指标并未受到影响（P＞0.05）。 【结论】随代乳品乳液pH值的降低,21-63 d犊牛血液HCO3-、ABE、TCO2、SBC、SBE显著降低,可作为评价日粮酸度效果的敏感指标。     

缺磷条件不同钙浓度水培杉木营养液酸度的比较

为了探讨施用钙肥对增强杉木根系活力以适应缺磷环境的效果,笔者通过设计6个钙浓度室内水培模拟试验,进行缺磷条件不同钙浓度水培杉木营养液酸度的测定比较,分析不同胁迫时期营养液酸度的变化规律。结果表明：水培杉木营养液酸度随缺磷胁迫时间推移,呈先上升后缓慢下降的变化规律。与低钙处理Ⅳ（2.0 mmol/L）、Ⅴ（1.0 mmol/L）、Ⅵ（0 mmol/L）相比,加钙处理Ⅰ（7.0 mmol/L）、Ⅱ（5.0 mmol/L）、Ⅲ（3.0 mmol/L）条件下根系分泌酸性物质数量明显增多,有利于杉木增强根系活力以抵抗缺磷逆境。     

自动电位滴定法在果蔬汁饮料总酸度测定中的应用

[目的]采用自动电位滴定法测定果蔬饮料总酸度。[方法]首先采用自动电位滴定法确定不同果蔬汁的滴定终点,再根据确定的滴定终点,采用自动电位滴定法测定不同果蔬汁的总酸度。[结果]该法测定果蔬汁饮料中的总酸度,操作步骤简便,测定准确度较高,可用于实际果蔬汁饮料总酸度的测定。[结论]该研究为自动电位滴定法在果蔬汁饮料总酸度测定中的应用奠定了基础。     

酒精试验对水牛乳品质评价的可应用性探讨

通过测定水牛乳的滴定酸度、乳成分及64%、66%、68%、70%（V/V）酒精试验,分析酸度及乳成分对水牛乳酒精阳性发生率的影响,探讨酒精试验用于水牛生乳计价及拒收依据的可行性。结果表明,64%的酒精更适用于水牛乳,但仅能作为初步或辅助的品质评价手段;通过分析乳成分对不同酒精浓度下低酸度酒精阳性乳发生率的影响,表明蛋白质、乳糖加灰分含量越高,低酸度酒精阳性乳发生率越高,但脂肪含量对低酸度酒精阳性乳的发生无显著影响。