高粱与旱稻属间杂交部分遗传物质导入的F_3及BC_1表型鉴定

以高粱(S.BICOLOR)为母本、旱稻(O.SATIVA)为父本进行属间杂交,F1出现双亲没有的短芒和黄色柱头新性状,并能在F2、F3及BC1稳定遗传。F3在株高、穗长、穗型、分蘖性等性状上仍疯狂分离,并出现父本白色籽粒单株。BC1在株高、分蘖二性状上接近父本,回交效应非常明显,T测定无差异,并出现多子房新性状。高梁与旱稻杂交及回交,能创造变异,产生新性状,对创造矮秆、优质、多子房新种质十分有效。然而,二者杂交后代主体性状仍似母本,只表现父本少数性状,属于部分遗传物质导入。     

Diversity in White Lupin (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lupinus albus</Emphasis> L.) Landraces from Northwest Iberianplateau

All the accessions (35) of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) landraces collected from northwest Iberian plateau and maintained at the Spanish germplasm collection (CRF of INIA), were studied with the general objective of assessing the biodiversity of these landraces and to ascertain their value as genetic resources for the development of germplasm adapted to the areas where they were collected with long and chilly winters. The characterization study comprised 51 qualitative and 50 quantitative characters. Quantitative parameters were analyzed by Principal Components Analysis (PCA). The 2-dimensional plot (49.3% of cumulative variability) formed a main group of accessions and 4 outliers (#1, #9, #27 and #28) separated in the first PC. The characters with a higher contribution to the first PC were inflorescence length, leaf petiole length and leaf central foliole area. The presence of alkaloids, the percentage of plants killed by soil borne fungal diseases, the phenology, the yield per plant and yield components were also assessed. Twenty six accessions (the main group in the PCA plot) showed high homogeneity, with the following highlights: bitterness, indeterminate growth habit, early ripeness and spring sowing with the exception of #18, in which seeding date is unknown and it had a later phenology. By contrast accessions #9 and #27 were bitter of autumn sowing with determinate growing habit and they had the longest values of primary inflorescence length and a later phenology when they were sown in spring. Average values for yield and yield components showed a broad range of variation between accessions. The main yield component was the number of pods per plant. Accession #22 had the highest mean seed mass, although this had not significant influence in yield. Accession #17 showed the highest yield and #1 the lowest. This last also had the lowest values of inflorescence length, leaf petiole length and leaf central foliole area. No significant differences of resistance to soil-borne fungi were found between accessions. The year had a significant effect in the phenology, yield and yield components except for number of seeds per pod. The studied material might be of interest for the development of spring sowing germplasm adapted to north Iberian peninsula.     

植物修复对锰尾渣污染土壤特性的影响

采用盆栽法研究栽培美洲商陆和大豆进行植物修复后,锰尾渣污染土壤特性的变化。栽培美洲商陆和大豆可增加土壤的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质。栽培植物后,土壤pH值变化不显著,但土壤磷酸酶、尿酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、硝酸还原酶和脱氢酶的活性都高于对照。栽培植物可影响土壤锰和镉的形态分布,降低土壤锰和镉总含量,减少土壤水溶性锰和镉含量。在锰尾渣污染区域,混种美洲商陆与大豆进行植物修复,改良土壤特性更佳。     

竹炭陶土复合材料的制备和结构性能表征

以竹炭粉、陶土为主要原料,经混合、成型、干燥和煅烧等工艺制得竹炭陶土复合材料(以下称竹炭陶),采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)仪、拉曼光谱测试仪(Raman)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和比表面积测试仪等仪器,对竹炭陶的微晶构造、孔隙结构、吸附和红外辐射性能等进行表征。结果表明:竹炭微粒镶嵌在陶土基体中,保留原有以中孔为主的孔隙结构和类石墨化晶体结构,获得的竹炭陶具有较大的比表面积和中孔为主的孔隙结构,能有效地吸附甲醛、苯等有害气体。加入一定量的竹炭能提高竹炭陶的远红外发射率,其红外发射率均高于陶土和竹炭,结合红外吸收光谱谱图分析,竹炭陶具有高红外发射率的本质在于具有倍频吸收、分子基团振动、转动及晶格振动。     

高粱与旱稻属间杂交部分遗传物质导入的F3及BC1表型鉴定

以高粱（S．bicolor）为母本、旱稻（O．sativa）为父本进行属问杂交，F1出现双亲没有的短芒和黄色柱头新性状，并能在F2、F3及BC 1 稳定遗传。F1在株高、穗长、穗型、分蘖性等性状上仍疯狂分离，并出现父本白色籽粒单株。BC1在株高、分蘖二性状上接近父本，回交效应非常明显，t测定无差异，并出现多子房新性状。高梁与旱稻杂交及回交，能创造变异，产生新性状，对创造矮秆、优质、多子房新种质十分有效。然而，二者杂交后代主体性状仍似母本，只表现父本少数性状。属于部分遗传物质导入。     

两个棉花ß-葡聚糖酶新基因的结构与表达特征分析

β-葡聚糖酶是一类能降解β-葡聚糖的水解酶。本研究分别通过电子克隆和棉纤维发育cDNA文库筛选法克隆到2个棉花β-葡聚糖酶新基因,内切-1,4-β-葡聚糖酶基因(GhEG,GenBank登录号为HM462003)和1,3-β-葡聚糖酶基因(GhGLU,GenBank登录号: HM462004)。GhEG全长ORF为1 581 bp,编码526个氨基酸残基。GhGLU全长ORF为1 410 bp,编码469个氨基酸残基。基因组水平分析表明,GhEG含5个内含子和6个外显子,而GhGLU无内含子,仅1个外显子。新克隆的2个基因在二倍体棉种非洲棉和雷蒙德氏棉中含1个拷贝,而在四倍体陆地棉和海岛棉中存在2个拷贝。通过开发SNP标记分别将GhEG和GhGLU在四倍体中的一个拷贝定位在第19染色体和第4染色体上。Q-PCR表达分析表明,GhEG在根、茎、叶中表达水平很低,而在纤维伸长期优势表达,在15 DPA和20 DPA纤维中,该基因在海岛棉海7124中的转录本显著高于陆地棉TM-1。GhGLU在根、茎、叶及纤维发育不同时期均有表达,属于组成性表达基因,特别在根、纤维发育初始期和伸长后期优势表达,且表达水平在陆地棉TM-1和海岛棉海7124间也有显著差异。     

Three-component synthesis and characterization of 2-amino-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(piperidin-1-yl)-3,5-dicarbonitrile pyridine

Novel 2-amino-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(piperidin-1-yl)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile is synthesized using malononitrile, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde and piperidine as starting material in methanol by one-spot. The yield is 40% with three-component reaction at room temperature. The structure is confirmed by 1H NMR, MS and X-ray single crystal diffraction.     

The fractal characterization of pore structure for some numerical rocks and prediction of permeabilities

This paper uses the fractal theory of pore structures for porous media to study the fractal characterization of pore structure for nine numerical rocks. The results show that the fractal dimension of solid phase is usually greater than the pore fractal dimension, and its fractal scaling regions is less than the one of pore phase. This indicates that the numerical rock is an approximate two-phase fractal porous media. The porosities, volume fractions and permeabilities of nine numerical rocks are predicted. The results show that the fractal theory about pore structures of numerical rocks is effective in describing the porosity and permeability. Moreover, it seems to be more effective for solid phase in approximate two-phase fractal porous media. When predicting permeability using the fractal theory, it is very important to accurately determine the maximum pore size and the range of statistical self-similarity. By comparing the two kinds of predicted permeabilities,it is found that the FT method used by this paper is more accurate, more general and less computational cost than the PNEM method which has been worldwide used.     

鳜骨骼肌快肌和慢肌的组成特征比较

骨骼肌组成特征是鱼类肉质性状评价的重要基础。为全面了解鳜（Siniperca chuatsi）肉质性状的组成特征,通过制作骨骼肌石蜡切片,比较了鳜快肌和慢肌两种类型骨骼肌的组织学特征,快肌和慢肌在肌纤维细胞直径、形态上存在差异。利用SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）分析了鳜快肌和慢肌的蛋白质组成特征,它们在50～60 ku和10～15 ku大小的条带中存在差异。克隆了鳜快肌和慢肌肌球蛋白重链（MHC）S1结构域的序列,快肌和慢肌S1结构域cDNA序列长度分别为2 523 bp、2 520 bp,编码841、840个氨基酸,氨基酸序列的相似度为87.6%,以两个loop区的差异最大。研究结果表明,鳜快肌、慢肌在肌纤维细胞形态、蛋白质组成以及肌球蛋白重链分子结构上均存在较明显的差异,这些差异与其担负不同的运动功能相关。