泾阳链霉菌代谢产物生物活性研究

对泾阳链霉菌(Streptomyces jingyangensis)代谢产物的生物活性进行了研究.考察了泾阳链霉菌的发酵液和菌丝体对小麦发芽、生长的影响,及对土壤固氮、解磷、解钾性能和有机质含量的影响.试验结果表明,泾阳链霉菌发酵液对小麦发芽有一定的抑制作用,对小麦生长有较强的促进作用;菌丝体对小麦发芽和生长均有一定的促进作用;发酵液和菌丝体处理后,小麦呼吸强度均较强;发酵液和菌丝体均有一定的固氮、解钾、解磷作用;经发酵液和菌丝体能使土壤有机质含量提高,增加土壤的肥力.     

基因组重排技术在链霉菌育种应用的研究进展

文中介绍了基因组重排技术的原理,并着重介绍了其在链霉菌育种方面的常规方法及主要过程,同时提出了解决一些常规问题的方法.     

一株拮抗番茄溃疡病菌的海洋放线菌的分类鉴定及活性测定

从大连海域采集的海泥样品中分离得到1株放线菌菌株PH33,根据其形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA序列分析结果,鉴定该菌株为小链霉菌(Streptomyces parvus)。采用琼脂块法和牛津杯法测定了菌株PH33对番茄溃疡病菌的拮抗能力。结果表明:抑菌活性物质在100℃水浴加热、pH 2条件下的抑菌活性均不变,pH 12条件下抑菌活性稍有下降;紫外线照射不影响其抗菌活性。说明该菌株在预防和控制番茄溃疡病的发生及危害方面有潜在的应用价值。     

葡萄白腐病拮抗链霉菌G4的筛选、鉴定及发酵条件的优化

从长春市葡萄园采集的9份土样中分离出放线菌菌株70株,采用平板对峙法初筛到了对葡萄白腐病菌(Coplodiella diplodiella)有较好拮抗作用的放线菌菌株7株,采用琼脂扩散法复筛出拮抗作用最好的菌株G4.对G4菌株的发酵液进行了抗菌谱测定,结果表明发酵液对番茄叶霉病菌(Fulvia fulva)、禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)等其他8种植物病原真菌都有拮抗作用,对葡萄白腐病菌的拮抗作用最好,抑菌圈直径达26.5 mm.通过对菌株G4的形态特征、培养特征、生理生化反应和16S rDNA鉴定该菌株为淡紫灰链霉菌(Streptomyces lavendulae).通过发酵条件优化,确定了菌株G4的最佳发酵条件:玉米粉60 g/L,葡萄糖30 g/L,大豆粉60 g/L,硝酸钾5 g/L,磷酸二氢钾1g/L,碳酸钙3g/L,氯化钠1g/L,pH为自然,种龄22 h,装瓶量40 mL/250 mL,接种量4％,发酵温度28℃,转速200 r/min,发酵时间48 h.     

2株放线菌对人参锈腐病的生物防治效果

[目的]探讨放线菌对人参锈腐病的生物防治效果。[方法]通过室内拮抗试验,研究了从人参根际分离出来的2株放线菌对人参锈腐菌(Cylindrocarpon destructans)的拮抗作用;通过田间生防试验,测定了2株放线菌对人参锈腐病的防效及对人参产量和植株生长的影响。[结果]2株放线菌对人参锈腐菌均有较强的抑制作用。施用放线菌后人参锈腐病的病情指数显著降低(P<0.01),防治效果分别达41.94%和44.28%。施用放线菌后人参的产量与对照相比有所增加,但未达到显著水平;放线菌对参根成活率、株高和茎粗影响不显著。[结论]为人参锈腐病的生物防治研究提供了理论依据。     

链霉菌水剂对草莓连作障碍的控制效果

为了解链霉菌水剂对草莓连作障碍的防治作用,进行了链霉菌(men-myco-93-63)水剂温室盆栽灌根试验和大棚栽培灌根试验。结果表明:温室盆栽链霉菌水剂处理草莓的开花率比对照高16%,平均果重高2.7g,植株死亡率下降16%,相对防效达57.1%;大棚栽培链霉菌水剂提高了单果重,植株死亡率下降17.3%,相对防效达50.6%。结论:链霉菌水剂能显著增强草莓的抗连作障碍能力。     

链霉菌182-2抗真菌活性物质的分离及抑菌特性的初步研究

[目的]链霉菌182-2的发酵液对烟草赤星病有良好的抑制作用,本文拟对其发酵液中抗真菌活性组分进行初步分离,并进行抑菌特性研究.[方法]发酵液经预处理后,依次用活性炭脱色,大孔树脂吸附层析分离纯化,对纯化后活性物质(组分Ⅱ)的抑菌活性进行测定.[结果]分离纯化结果表明其活性物质中至少含有两种抗真菌活性组分.离体条件下当活性物质浓度为2 000μg/mL时,对烟草赤星病菌有很强的抑菌作用,抑菌圈直径达58.0mm.目测法测定抗生作用表明其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为80 μg/mL,最小杀菌浓度(MBC)为160μg/mL.48 h时对菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制率最高,抑菌中浓度(EC50)分别为31.9 μg/mL和42.2μg/mL.活性组分处理还可导致病原菌菌丝和孢子萌发产生的芽管变形扭曲或产生大泡囊.[结论]纯化后的活性物质对烟草赤星病菌具有较强的抑制作用,有进一步研究利用的价值.     

Expression and Biochemical Characterization of a Novel Marine Chitosanase from Streptomyces niveus Suitable for Preparation of Chitobiose

It is known that bioactivities of chitooligosaccharide (COS) are closely related to the degree of polymerization (DP); therefore, it is essential to prepare COS with controllable DP, such as chitobiose showing high antioxidant and antihyperlipidemia activities. In this study, BLAST, sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of characterized glycoside hydrolase (GH) 46 endo-chitosanases revealed that a chitosanase Sn1-CSN from Streptomyces niveus was different from others. Sn1-CSN was overexpressed in E. coli, purified and characterized in detail. It showed the highest activity at pH 6.0 and exhibited superior stability between pH 4.0 and pH 11.0. Sn1-CSN displayed the highest activity at 50 °C and was fairly stable at ≤45 °C. Its apparent kinetic parameters against chitosan (DDA: degree of deacetylation, >94%) were determined, with K_m and k_cat values of 1.8 mg/mL and 88.3 s⁻¹, respectively. Cu²⁺ enhanced the activity of Sn1-CSN by 54.2%, whereas Fe³⁺ inhibited activity by 15.1%. Hydrolysis products of chitosan (DDA > 94%) by Sn1-CSN were mainly composed of chitobiose (87.3%), whereas partially acetylated chitosan with DDA 69% was mainly converted into partially acetylated COS with DP 2-13. This endo-chitosanase has great potential to be used for the preparation of chitobiose and partially acetylated COS with different DPs.     

Integrated pest management: A strategy to control resistance of Spodoptera exigua and Helicoverpa armigera caterpillars to insecticides on soybean in the Mekong Delta

The antibiotic nucleoside tubercidin produced by Streptomyces viola-ceoniger was evaluated for in-vivo efficacy and in-vitro activity against Phytophthora capsici, Magnaporthe grisea and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Tubercidin was more effective against P. capsici and M. grisea than against C. gloeosporioides in inhibiting mycelial growth. The bioassay on TLC plates was the most sensitive method and allowed the evaluation of antifungal activity of tubercidin even at a low concentration of 0.1 μgml^?1. As compared to the systemic fungicide metalaxyl, tubercidin was similar or somewhat higher in inhibition of mycelial growth of P. capsici. When applied to pepper stems, tubercidin was equally as effective as metalaxyl in the control of phytophthora blight in pepper plants, irrespective of application time and concentration. The treatment with 1000 μg ml^?1 tubercidin induced phytotoxicity in pepper plants. No control efficacy of phytophtora blight was observed in pepper plants supplied with a soil drench of tubercidin. Treatment with tubercidin at 500 μg ml^?1 completely protected pepper plants at first branch stage from phytophthora blight until four days after application. The control efficacy of tubercidin drastically declined seven days after application.     

农抗120应用技术中的几个问题

通过近5年的大量田间试验和20万公顷作物上的防治实践,作者认为农抗120对枯萎病的主要抑菌机理是通过植物体的吸收,在体内产生尚未知的生理生化过程,显著提高植物的抗病和免疫能力。因此,在农抗120应用中应贯彻防重于治的原则。作者对防治瓜、菜枯萎病提出了一套浸种,苗床处理,移栽浇穴,苗期灌根等技术措施,并对施药时机和用药量等因素与防治效果的关系做了详细讨论。文章对农抗120防治其它作物叶部病害及果树腐烂病试验、示范及技术要点也做了说明。还讨论了农抗120使用中应注意的事项。