生长激素释放肽及其生物学效应

生长激素释放肽(Ghrelin)是一种在动物体内广泛存在的生长激素促分泌素受体(GHSR)的内源性配体, Ghrelin与位于下丘脑的GHSR结合后,具有促进生长激素释放、增加食欲、调节消化系统功能及能量代谢等作用。文章就Ghrelin的结构、分布、生物学效应及在畜牧业上的应用前景等方面进行综述,以期促进Ghrelin的进一步深入研究。     

Effect of temperature on growth and survival of maraena whitefish Coregonus maraena (Bloch 1779) larvae in controlled conditions

This 28‐day study investigated the effect of three rearing temperatures, 11, 15 and 19°C, on survival and growth of maraena whitefish fry in a recirculating aquaculture system. Three groups of larvae in three repetitions were reared in recirculating system. Each group comprised 200 larvae. Feeding level was fixed at 500–700 Artemia sp. metanauplii per fish per day. Larvae were fed fresh live brine shrimp at 10 ml/tank every 3 hr. Significantly higher body weight (p = 0.00), total length (p = 0.00), larval yield (p = 0.00) and condition factor (p = 0.00) were obtained at 19°C compared to 15 and 11°C, as well as at 15°C compared to 11°C. Significantly higher survival (p = 0.00) was observed in larvae reared at 11 and 15°C compare to 19°C and no significant differences were observed between 11°C compared to 15°C. No significant differences in size heterogeneity among treatments were found (p = 0.46). In larviculture, the optimal assessed temperature for growth of maraena whitefish was 19°C, with highest survival observed at 11°C, at the end of this 28 days trial. The findings in this study apply to the particular study location and may not be applicable more broadly.     

酶解豆粕对肉鸡生产性能和养分消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究微生物蛋白酶水解豆粕对1～21日龄肉鸡生长性能和养分消化率的影响。选择1日龄科宝母雏336只,随机分为4组,即对照组、试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组。对照组为玉米—豆粕型基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组分别以5%、10%和15%酶解豆粕替代对照组中等量的普通豆粕。试验结果表明,与对照组相比,试验组显著提高了肉鸡采食量（12%～21%）和增重（8%～16%）(P<0.05),降低料重比（3%～7%）(P<0.05);试验组对干物质、粗蛋白质、能量、钙和磷的消化率也具有显著的提高作用(P<0.05);各试验组之间,生产性能和干物质、粗蛋白质、钙消化率差异显著(P<0.05),但能量和磷的消化率差异不显著(P>0.05)。因此,豆粕经酶解改善了其蛋白质的营养价值,肉仔鸡日粮添加酶解豆粕可以提高肉鸡的生长性能和养分消化率。     

饲料碳水化合物水平对鳡幼鱼生长和体成分的影响

以白鱼粉、酪蛋白、鱼油和α-淀粉分别作为蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物原料,配制等蛋白质(45%)、等脂肪(8%)、碳水化合物水平分别为0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%的6组饲料。饲养鳡幼鱼8周后测定其生长、体成分及肝糖原含量,初步探讨鳡对碳水化合物的利用能力。结果表明,20%组鱼体的增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率最高(P<0.05)。高碳水化合物组表现较高的摄食率、脏体比、肝体比和肠脂比(P<0.05)。饲料碳水化合物水平的升高,增加了全鱼体干物质和粗脂肪的累积(P<0.05)。随着饲料碳水化合物水平的增加,鱼体的肝糖原储存量先增加、后降低,20%组达到最高(P<0.05)。综合试验结果分析,鳡可以在一定程度上利用淀粉类碳水化合物,但在饲料中添加量不宜超过20%,否则不利于鱼的健康生长。     

史氏鲟南移驯养及生物学的研究 Ⅰ.1龄鱼的生长特性

首次将史氏鲟从黑龙江南移至长江流域人工条件下驯养,培育成１龄幼鱼,１１月龄的个体最大体重为１０５３克,均重６０６克;最大体长为８９８毫米,均长５６９毫米。幼鱼的最适生长水温为１９．８℃在１７—２１℃水温条件下,生长迅速。１龄鱼全长与体重的关系式为Ｗ＝０．００１３０２Ｌ３．２２６８（ｒ＝０．９９９６）,体重生长曲线公式为Ｗ＝６．７７７８９２ｅ０．３８５５ｔ（ｒ＝０．９９３５）。     

菊黄东方鲀当年鱼种养殖阶段消化酶活性研究

为了研究池塘养殖菊黄东方鲀（Takifugu flavidus）鱼种生长及肠组织中消化酶活性随生长的变化,2012年5－11月进行室外养殖试验,池塘面积0.2 hm2,水深1.5～2.0 m,鱼苗体长1.2~1.5 cm,放养密度为22.5 万尾/hm2,试验用海水盐度5~15,水温为15~35℃,pH 8~9;测定当年鱼种不同生长阶段的体长、体质量、肝重、肠长等生长指标,通过生物化学方法测定了其肠组织主要消化酶活性。结果表明,菊黄东方鲀幼鱼体长、体质量与养殖天数均呈指数相关（L=27.07e0.0088t, W=1.0982e0.0262t）;体长与体质量呈幂函数增长相关（W=3×10-5L3.1070）,且为异速生长。不同生长阶段菊黄东方鲀肝体比、比肠长、肥满度的变化显著（P<0.05）;肝体比随生长呈显著上升趋势（P<0.05）,变化范围为4.15%~20.23%;比肠长则呈显著下降趋势（P<0.05）,变化范围为0.97%～2.33%,不同生长阶段肥满度变化为3.99%～5.11%。菊黄东方鲀肠组织碱性蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性均随生长呈显著降低趋势（P<0.05）,最大值均出现在养殖40 d（83.11 U/mg与3.13 U/mg）;酸性蛋白酶活性呈先下降、后上升趋势（P<0.05）,最小值（0.34 U/mg）与最大值（0.86 U/mg）分别出现在113 d和166 d;脂肪酶活性随生长变化不显著（P>0.05）。研究表明,菊黄东方鲀鱼种的生长与养殖条件的改变存在密切关系;肝体比、比肠长等与鱼的发育及营养摄入存在一定关系;肠组织不是生成蛋白酶和淀粉酶的主要器官。     

长牡蛎和福建牡蛎个体生长模型的构建及比较

长牡蛎和福建牡蛎分别是我国北方和南方沿海重要的养殖贝类。为比较分析二者的动态生长情况,实验基于动态能量收支理论（DEB）,以连续监测的水温和叶绿素a浓度为强制因子,通过现场实验、模型调试和文献查阅等方式获取模型参数,利用Python 2.7软件分别构建了桑沟湾长牡蛎、深沪湾福建牡蛎的个体生长模型,并以两种牡蛎的实测生长数据进行验证。结果显示：①所构建的DEB模型能够较好地模拟长牡蛎、福建牡蛎的个体生长情况（壳高、软组织湿重等）,模拟值与实测值之间相关性显著;②长牡蛎和福建牡蛎的温度耐受上限（T_H）、温度耐受下限（T_L）、半饱和常数（F_H）等参数存在差异,这可能与不同海域的理化环境、食物组成及牡蛎的选择性摄食有关;③在模拟周期内,受温度和食物的双重限制,长牡蛎冬季生长缓慢,而福建牡蛎处于持续增长状态,期间主要受到食物的限制。本研究结果可为后续生态系统模型构建和牡蛎养殖容量评估提供基础数据。     

Effects of plane of nutrition on growth,feed intake,digestibility and nitrogen balance in Murrah graded male buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves in Nepal

An experiment was conducted using 17 male buffalo calves to assess the effects of plane of nutrition on dry matter intake (DMI), daily gain (DG), body size measurement, apparent digestibility and nitrogen (N) balance. To attain 250 kg BW, the calves were allocated into three groups: H, L‐H and L, receiving the concentrate at 1.50% of BW, 0.75% of BW until 190 kg BW and 1.50% thereafter and 0.75% of BW, respectively. The animals had ad libitum access to urea‐treated rice straw (UTRS). The DMI of UTRS through the experiment was higher in L and L‐H than H, showing 3.52, 2.90 and 2.62 kg/day, respectively (P < 0.01), but the total DMI did not differ among the treatment groups. The DG throughout the experiment was high in the order of H, L‐H and L, showing 0.72, 0.57 and 0.45 kg, respectively (P < 0.01). The digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein, neutral and acid detergent fiber and N retention were higher in H than in L (P < 0.05). The findings of this study thus revealed the greater DG has an advantage of shortening the growing period around 3 months, and consequently increasing benefit in fattening of buffalo calves in Nepal.     

欧拉型藏羊杂交改良山谷型藏羊F_1代生长发育对比分析

为研究甘南地区欧拉羊杂交改良山谷型藏羊效果,对欧拉羊与山谷型藏羊杂交试验组和山谷型藏羊本交对照组所产后代的初生、3月龄、6月龄、12月龄、18月龄的体尺、体重进行了跟踪测定,并对不同年龄段杂交后代与对照组后代进行了对比分析和差异显著性检验。结果表明：杂交F1代初生、3月龄、6月龄、12月龄、18月龄的体尺、体重极显著的高于对照组（P〈0.01）,初生、18月龄管围差异显著,3月龄、6月龄、12月龄管围差异不显著（P〉0.05）。     

Effect of restricted suckling on milk yield,milk composition and udder health in cows and behaviour and weight gain in calves,in dual-purpose cattle in the tropics

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of restricted suckling (RS) in dual-purpose cows and calves compared to artificial rearing (AR). Twelve Holstein-Zebu cows with calves were assigned to each treatment. Cows were milked once daily in the morning with calves present to stimulate milk let-down. RS calves suckled 30 min after milking and 30 min in the afternoon, whereas AR calves were milk-fed from nipple bottles. The daily saleable milk yield was higher in RS than in AR cows (p < 0.01; 7.44 vs 6.50 kg/day), whereas RS cows had lower milk-fat content (p < 0.001). AR cows had higher California Mastitis Test scores (p < 0.001) and lower lactose content (p < 0.001) compared to RS cows, which indicates an improved udder health in RS cows. AR calves displayed more ‘cross-suck’ during suckling/milk feeding (p < 0.001) and during observations of general behaviour (p < 0.05), and more ‘lick and sniff interior’ during milking (p < 0.05) and suckling/milk feeding (p < 0.01), compared to RS calves. During observations of general behaviour the RS calves were more often observed to ‘walk’ (p < 0.01) and ‘lick self’ (p < 0.05) and less frequently to ‘eat concentrate’ (p < 0.05) than AR calves. Results support the hypothesis that RS increases milk yield, influences milk composition and improves udder health in cows, and decreases abnormal sucking in calves.