福戈防治水稻二化螟试验简报

用新药剂40%福戈WG与18%杀虫双AC和90%杀虫单SG进行防治水稻二化螟对比试验,结果表明,40%福戈WG对二化螟防治效果显著,用药量120 g/hm2喷施1次,保苗防治效果达100%,优于常用药剂杀虫双和杀虫单。     

罗汉果遗传转化受体再生体系的建立及发根农杆菌转化初探

以罗汉果品种“青皮果”试管苗的茎段和叶片为外植体,研究适合于遗传转化的受体再生系统,并进行了发根农杆菌转化的初步研究。试验结果表明茎段的再生能力强于叶片,且对农杆菌敏感,是进行遗传转化合适的受体材料。在MS基本培养基附加BA 1mg/L、KT 1mg./L、NAA 0.2mg./L、蔗糖30 mg/L培养基中,20d龄的茎段不定芽诱导率为100%,平均每个外植体诱导的不定芽数达到9.7个,移苗成活率90%以上;外植体培养前的割伤处理有利于提高出芽数;发根农杆菌转化茎段诱导出毛状根。罗汉果毛状根的诱导和培养将为罗汉果药用成分的研究和开发提供新的途径。     

干细胞与肿瘤研究进展

肿瘤是危害人类健康的恶性疾病,近年来越来越多证据显示肿瘤与干细胞有着密切的关系。肿瘤可能是干细胞在异常微环境中差异分化的结果。它与正常干细胞有相似的表面标志和生化特点。在此,综述了干细胞与肿瘤发生的关系及干细胞工程在肿瘤治疗中的应用前景,旨在为肿瘤发生发育的研究及干细胞在肿瘤治疗方面的应用提供理论依据。     

种植密度对北方设施叶用甘薯茎尖、产量和效益的影响

为探索北方地区设施叶用甘薯适宜种植密度,兼顾采摘难易和效益,在留有采收空间的前提下,设置6个密度（12万、15万、18万、21万、24万和27万株/hm²）,研究其对叶用甘薯茎尖性状、采收产量和效益的影响。结果表明：与12万株/hm²处理相比,15万、18万、21万、24万和27万株/hm²处理下,总采收量分别显著增加14.9%、19.4%、25.7%、20.5%、16.4%,21万株/hm²处理的产量最高;产量的增加源于平均采收茎尖数的增加,其中单次采收茎尖数的增幅在采收前期和中期较大,采收前期茎尖产量的增幅高于后期。随着密度的增加,单个茎尖平均鲜重逐渐降低,主要源于采收茎尖基部茎粗的降低。各处理下叶用甘薯净效益均较12万株/hm²处理增加,以21万株/hm²处理的净效益最高,增幅达30.1%。综合考虑,为兼具采摘和生产功能,在设施留有30 cm采收空间的条件下,种植叶用甘薯推荐21万株/hm²的密度,3行为一生产单元,留出采收空档,参考株行距18 cm×17 cm。     

小麦茎秆实心度对茎秆强度的影响及相关性状QTL分析

在QTL水平上研究茎秆实心度与强度的遗传关系及实心度对茎秆强度的影响,为小麦抗倒伏育种提供依据。利用普通小麦宁麦18与实秆小麦种质"武云实秆"的F2群体和F2:3家系,对小麦茎秆强度、实心度及影响实心度的相关性状包括厚径比、壁厚、茎粗和髓腔直径进行了相关分析,并对茎秆强度相关性状QTL进行分子标记定位及遗传效应分析。结果表明小麦茎秆强度与厚径比、壁厚均呈极显著正相关,与髓腔直径呈极显著负相关。基于复合区间作图法进行QTL定位,检测到与茎秆强度、厚径比、壁厚、茎粗和髓腔直径相关QTL共23个,分布在1B、3B、4A、4B、5A上,表型贡献率3.5%~44.0%。在染色体3B、4A和5A上的标记区间gwm547–gwm247、wmc718–wmc468和gwm156–gwm443均检测到贡献率很高的茎秆实心度相关QTL,说明在这3条染色体上可能存在控制茎秆强度的主效QTL。用普通小麦宁麦13(N13)×武云实秆的24个F7家系检验分子标记gwm247的可靠性表明利用标记gwm247选育茎秆实心度优于宁麦13的概率较大。研究结果为进一步精细定位相关主效QTL以及分子标记辅助改良小麦茎秆强度奠定了基础。     

张杂谷3号的解剖学结构与生物学特性的关系

针对张杂谷3号具有抗性强、产量高的特征,对其叶片解剖结构、叶表皮特征、茎的解剖结构以及穗分化特性进行综合研究,探讨了张杂谷3号与抗旱性、抗逆性以及高产有关的结构特征。结果表明,张杂谷3号为C4植物,叶片具有大维管束、叶绿体浓绿和密集、气孔密度高,叶片表皮毛密集,特化细胞多,气孔内陷的特征。茎具有维管束面积大,穗茎淀粉含量高的特征。谷子穗分化阶段枝梗原基数量多、密集,发育成的谷穗大、穗码密集,以上研究为其抗旱、高产能力的评价以及机理研究提供形态解剖学方面的依据。     

糜子愈伤诱导及再分化最适条件研究

研究旨在应用组织培养技术探究愈伤诱导及再分化的最适条件,以期为糜子建立遗传转化体系奠定基础。采用5个糜子品种研究愈伤诱导及再分化的最适条件。利用植物激素2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)诱导茎尖愈伤组织,筛选出发芽率高、愈伤组织诱导率高、染菌率低的品种,并对诱导愈伤最适激素浓度及配比进行了鉴定。结果显示,‘冀黍2号’出芽率高、愈伤组织诱导率高、染菌率低,适宜进行组织培养;2,4-D对‘冀黍2号’愈伤诱导效果最好,最适浓度为2.5 mg/L,诱导率达86.67%,淡黄色块状,结构紧密,质地较硬,继代培养后形成的胚性愈伤组织状态更好。再分化过程中,2.5 mg/L 2,4-D+3.5 mg/L TDZ时,出现明显的嫩芽。该试验获得‘冀黍2号’愈伤诱导及再分化的最适条件,可为糜子再生体系的构建提供参考。     

Ethanol vapor and saprophytic yeast treatments reduce decay and maintain quality of intact and fresh-cut sweet cherries

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of an ethanol vapor release pad and a saprophytic yeast Cryptococcus infirmo-miniatum (CIM) to reduce decay and maintain postharvest quality of intact or fresh-cut sweet cherries (Prunus avium) cv. Lapins and Bing. Intact or fresh-cut fruit were packed in perforated clamshells (capacity 454 g) and stored at 1, 10 or 20 °C for up to 21, 14 and 8 d, respectively. For ethanol treatment, a pad made with silica gel powder containing 10 g ethanol and covered with perforated film, which allows ethanol vapor to diffuse gradually, was attached to the upper lid of the clamshells. Ethanol treatment caused accumulation of ethanol in the packaging headspace, about 10 μL L⁻¹ with little change within 14 d at 1 °C, 23 μL L⁻¹ at d 1 and decreased to 15 μL L⁻¹ at d 10 at 10 °C, and 26 μL L⁻¹ at d 1 and decreased to 13 μL L⁻¹ at d 3 at 20 °C. Ethanol content in fruit was less than 9 mg kg⁻¹ in all the control fruit, and increased to 16, 34 and 43 mg kg⁻¹ in ethanol-treated fruit at 1, 10 and 20 °C, respectively. Nonetheless, a sensory taste panel did not perceive any flavor difference from the ethanol treatment. The ethanol treatment retarded softening, darkening, and acid decrease in fruit as well as discoloration of the stems, and extended shelf-life of intact cherries. Ethanol reduced brown rot (Monilinia fructicola) in fresh-cut cherries stored at 20 °C, but not at 1 and 10 °C. A pre-packaging dip in CIM completely controlled brown rot in inoculated fresh-cut cherries stored at 1 °C, and in naturally infected cherries at 20 °C.     

Inheritance and field performance of transgenic Korean Bt rice lines resistant to rice yellow stem borer

Transgenic Korean rice plants containing the cry1Ab gene were developed for resistance against yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas, YSB). More than 100 independent transgenic lines from three Korean varieties (P-I, P-II and P-III) were generated. The amount of Cry1Ab in transgenic T₀ plants was as high as 2.88% of total soluble proteins. These levels were sufficient to cause 100% mortality of YSB larvae. The majority of T₁ transgenic lines originated from the varieties P-I and P-II followed a Mendelian fashion of segregation. Deviation from the expected segregation ratio was observed in a small number of the transgenic lines of P-I and P-II origins. However, this deviation was primarily observed in the P-III originated lines. Segregation analysis of the T₁ generation indicated that 1–3 copies of the cry1Ab gene were integrated into the genome of the majority of the transgenic lines originating from varieties P-I and P-II. Stunted and semi-fertile mutants were observed in some transgenic lines. These aberrations were either independent or closely linked to the introduced cry1Ab gene loci in different transgenic lines. Reduction in GUS expression levels and loss of toxicity against YSB larvae were found in some transgenic lines. The transgenic T₃ and T₄ lines causing 100% mortality of third instar YSB larvae in the lab were completely protected in the field. Analysis of important yield components on nine selected transgenic lines indicated that stem length, panicle length, grain number per panicle, and seed setting rates were reduced in transgenic plants compared to those in non-transgenic parental rice lines. Number of panicles per cluster, however, was significantly higher in transgenic plants. The numerical value of the average yield was in general greater in the controls than in all the transgenic lines, indicating some ‘yield drag’. Since some selected lines were highly resistant to the YSB with good yielding potential, they offer effective potential for use in insect resistance management programs.     

哈思山油松人工林生长特性研究

通过对哈思山油松人工林进行调查，并选择样树进行树干解析，建立了胸径与树高、高径比，株率与高径比的回归方程，分析了油松人工林前期生长过程、人工林林分结构和生长规律，为科学生产经营提供了依据。