Inheritance and characterization of the new and rare gene Rph25 conferring seedling resistance in Hordeum vulgare against Puccinia hordei

In this study, we characterized and mapped a new and rare resistance gene (RphFT) in the Chinese barley variety ‘Fong Tien’. RphFT, a dominant gene, was mapped to chromosome 5HL at a genetic position of 142.1 cM using DArT‐seq markers. The gene was also confirmed to be present in Australian cultivar ‘Yagan’ based on allelic tests, and likely ‘Lockyer’ based on multipathotype tests. The genetic studies also confirmed the presence of Rph12 in Australian cultivar ‘Baudin’. Rph12 is also located on chromosome 5HL close to RphFT, and the two loci were confirmed to be independent. Gene RphFT is of limited breeding value because it is effective to only one pathotype of P. hordei, 220P+ +Rph13 in Australia; nevertheless, it may play a role in controlling leaf rust if used in combination with other Rph genes. The locus symbol Rph25 is recommended for RphFT in accordance with the rules and numbering system of barley gene nomenclature.     

Genetic and environmental variability in wheat characteristics reported to be involved in morphological resistance to wheat stem rust

Summary Four morphological characteristics of wheat peduncles were evaluated for genetic and environmental variability. The thickness of the epidermis and the amount and distribution of chlorenchyma tissue in the peduncle were measured. The genetic variability was estimated to be large, whereas the environmental variability was small. It was also concluded that cultivars could be screened for morphological characteristics of the peduncle that contributed to non-specific resistance to stem rust with a minimum sample size of about 10 plants per replication from a single location.Paper No 9328, Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. University of Minnesota. St. Paul. MN 55108.     

Linkage of Rust Resistance Genes from Wild Barley (Hordeum spontaneum) with Isozyme Markers

Eighty-three third backcross lines which comprise a set of near isogenic lines (NIL's) of the barley cultivar ‘Clipper’ but each carrying a different chromosomal segment from Hordeum spontaneum, marked with a distinct isozyme, were tested for resistance to three races of the barley leaf rust pathogen (Puccmia hordei). Fourteen lines showed resistance to at least one race and three showed resistance to all three races. The resistance in two of these lines was controlled by separate, single partially dominant genes. In one case the resistance gene named Rph1O was on chromosome 3 and linked (r = 0.15 ±0.05) with the isozyme locus Est2. In the second case, the gene (Rph11) was on barley chromosome 6 and linked (r = 0.07±0.02) with the isozyme locus Acp3 and (r = 0.11±0.02) with Dip2.     

间作系统氮调控对小麦氮钾营养及条锈病发生的影响

通过探讨间作和施氮对小麦植株氮钾养分吸收、分配及条锈病发生的影响,明确氮钾养分吸收和分配与小麦条锈病发生的关系,以期为合理施肥实现控病增产提供理论依据。在云南安宁和峨山两地布置田间小区试验,研究3种施氮水平(0 kg×hm~(–2)、90 kg×hm~(–2)和180 kg×hm~(–2))和2种种植模式(小麦单作、小麦||蚕豆间作)对小麦植株氮钾含量与分配以及小麦条锈病发病率及病情指数的影响。结果表明,施氮增加了小麦产量,且间作增产效应显著;与单作相比,间作小麦平均显著增产31.9%(安宁)和18.0%(峨山);小麦||蚕豆间作产量优势明显,土地当量比为1.20～1.37(安宁)和1.16～1.27(峨山),但间作增产优势随施氮量增加而降低。施氮在提高产量的同时也加重了小麦条锈病危害,随施氮量增加,单、间作小麦条锈病的发病率和病情指数均呈增加趋势。间作有较好的控病效果,与单作相比,间作小麦发病率、病情指数分别显著降低9.6%～22.0%、23.7%～33.7%(安宁)和29.5%～36.5%、29.3%～39.6%(峨山)。施氮增加了小麦植株氮含量,且主要累积在叶片,叶片氮含量占氮吸收总量的41.3%～47.4%(安宁)和35.9%～44.1%(峨山);但间作显著降低小麦植株氮含量,并显著提高钾含量,因而显著降低了叶片氮/钾比。相关性分析表明,小麦条锈病发病率和病情指数与植株氮含量、叶片氮/钾比呈显著正相关,与钾含量呈极显著负相关。施氮增加了小麦植株氮含量,提高了叶片氮/钾比,进而加剧小麦条锈病发生;而间作则通过增加钾含量,降低小麦植株氮含量及叶片氮/钾比,平衡小麦植株内氮钾养分而增强小麦对条锈病的抗性。     

模拟鸭稻共作系统中鸭子机械刺激对水稻形态建成的影响

鸭稻共作是在中国传统稻田养鸭基础上创新发展起来的,目前在中国、日本以及东南亚一些国家被大力推广应用的一种水稻生态生产方式.为研究鸭子活动对水稻生长与形态建成的影响,本文通过室内模拟试验,研究了鸭子在稻田中活动而形成的机械刺激对水稻生长性状的影响效应.结果表明,不同强度的机械触摸刺激能够抑制水稻植株的伸长生长,降低其高度,至收获期株高降幅为8～10 cm;并且改变了水稻茎秆不同节间长度的分布,其中对水稻基部第 2 节茎节长度的影响最为明显.机械触摸刺激处理能够增加水稻茎秆的粗度,且随刺激处理强度的增加茎秆粗度增大,处理40 d后茎秆粗度增加0.17 cm.一定时间的机械刺激处理可以促进水稻植株的分蘖.机械刺激处理明显降低了水稻地上部生物量,处理40 d后降幅达19.6％;适度的机械刺激使水稻根冠比增加,同时,机械刺激可增加水稻的穗长和结实率,降低每穗空粒数,与对照相比,水稻穗长增加达8.88％,结实率增加3.79％,每穗空粒数最大降幅为36.12％.这些研究结果可进一步证实机械刺激能够改变植物生长性状的科学问题,也可为鸭稻共作生产技术的改进与合理利用提供科学依据.     

Effect of partial resistance to barley leaf rust, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Puccinia hordei</Emphasis>, on the yield of three barley cultivars

Three barley cultivars, Shyri, Clipper and Terán, with different levels of partial resistance to barley leaf rust, caused by Puccinia hordei, were exposed to six levels of the pathogen. These levels were obtained by 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 and 0 fungicide (Propiconazol) applications respectively and occurred every 15 days starting at 66 days after sowing. No application served as the control treatment. There were three replicates. The six-row plots were surrounded by a row of a highly susceptible barley cultivar in which the barley leaf rust arrived naturally in a fairly early plant stage. The disease severity was assessed five times with 15 days intervals starting at 66 days after sowing. The yields were determined by harvesting the inner four rows of the plots. An analysis of variance was carried out on the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) data and on the yield data. ‘Shyri’ was the least susceptible cultivar, ‘Terán’ the most. The percentage yield losses varied with the six levels of pathogen from 0 to 31.5% (‘Shyri’), from 0 to 46% (‘Clipper’) and from 0 to 63.5% (‘Terán’). The yield losses correlated strongly with the AUDPC, the linear correlation coefficient being 0.97. The yield losses indicate the importance of the pathogen in Ecuador. It also means that high levels of partial resistance are needed to prevent significant yield damage.     

源于柔软滨麦草抗小麦条锈病基因YrElm的遗传分析与SSR标记

 M852-1是由柔软滨麦草和普通小麦7182经杂交和回交培育的易位系。苗期抗病性鉴定结果表明,M852-1对CYR29、CYR31、CYR32、CYR33、Su11-4、Su11-7和V26等7个中国小麦条锈菌主要生理小种或新的致病类型均表现免疫至高抗,是一个较好的抗条锈资源材料。用条锈菌流行小种CYR33对M852-1与铭贤169杂交F₁、F₂、F₃和BC₁代进行抗性鉴定与遗传分析,发现M852-1对CYR33的抗条锈性由1对隐性基因控制,暂定名为YrElm。以F₂代分离群体构建作图群体,利用集群分离分析法,筛选到与YrElm连锁的5个SSR标记:Xcfd35、Xgwm161、Xwmc630、Xgwm533和Xcfd34,并将YrElm定位于小麦染色体3DS上。YrElm两侧最近2个SSR标记Xcfd35与Xgwm161的遗传距离分别为6.5 cM和4.2 cM。抗锈性鉴定、系谱分析以及分子标记检测结果表明,该抗病基因来源于柔软滨麦草。综合基因来源、分子检测及染色体位点等方面的分析,认为YrElm可能是一个新的抗条锈病基因。用该基因两侧最近两个标记Xcfd35和Xgwm161 检测68个甘肃和黄淮麦区小麦品种(系),10个(14.7%)品种能扩增出与M852-1相同的条带。进一步进行抗病性及系谱分析表明,这10个品种均不含YrElm。本研究结果为利用YrElm进行分子标记辅助育种和进一步的精细定位奠定了基础。     

基于GF-1/WFV数据的冬小麦条锈病遥感监测

条锈病是冬小麦常见病害,利用遥感影像对条锈病病害区域进行准确监测具有重要意义。该文利用GF-1/WFV影像,结合条锈病地面光谱数据分析,采用冬小麦条锈病遥感监测指数(wheat stripe rust index,WSRI)对河南西华县冬小麦条锈病发病范围进行了估测。首先,利用冬小麦NDVI加权指数(weighted NDVI index,WNDVI)获取冬小麦种植区域。其次,利用影像4个波段反射率之和提取不同冬小麦品种的分布范围,值较高的为条锈病高抗品种(郑麦系列),较低的则是条锈病易感品种(矮壮系列)。再次,构建冬小麦条锈病指数(wheat stripe rust index,WSRI),结合地面实地调查的条锈病分布数据,通过设定合理的WSRI指数划分阈值,提取条锈病染病区域并进行精度验证。结果表明,研究区内小麦条锈病空间分布识别的总体精度在84.0%以上,具有区域监测应用的潜力。该方法简单,可操作性强,表明宽波段GF-1影像结合WSRI指数的技术,是一种比较可行的小麦条锈病遥感监测方案。     

流苏石斛茎段组织培养的初步研究

对流苏石斛茎段的添组织培养进行了初步研究。结果表明,在诱导茎段腋芽萌发中,以MS+6-BA4.0 mg/L+NAA1.0 mg/L效果最好;在芽增殖阶段,以MS+6-BA2.0 mg/L+NAA0.1 mg/L增殖效果最佳;在研究附加物对无菌苗增殖影响时,添加15%的椰乳可有效提高芽的增殖率。     

正宁县小麦条锈病发生流行相关气象因素分析

根据多年来正宁县及周边地区气象资料和条锈病发生规律,分析了该县小麦条锈病暴发流行的气象因素及病菌孢子传播途径,并提出了该县小麦条锈病流行暴发与气象因素的因果关系及防病措施。