玉米幼芽提取物凝胶对家兔皮肤烧伤的抗氧化损伤作用

制备1,1.5和2 mg/g的玉米幼芽提取物(Extract of maize plumule,EMP)凝胶,用2 mol/L的NaOH复制家兔皮肤烧伤模型,并分别用上述EMP凝胶进行治疗,同时设立EMP盐酸溶液阴性对照组、烧伤止痛膏阳性对照组和生理盐水空白对照组,各组均连续处理14 d。于烧伤后第1,7,14和21天取各组家兔烧伤部位皮肤,制成100 mg/g组织匀浆液,检测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量,并进行组织病理学和透射电镜观察,探讨EMP凝胶对家兔皮肤烧伤脂质过氧化损伤和炎症反应的影响。结果表明,与空白对照组相比,EMP凝胶治疗组SOD和CAT活性极显著提高(P<0.01),MDA含量显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)降低(除7 d时1 mg/g EMP凝胶治疗组外);与阴性对照组相比,EMP凝胶治疗组SOD和CAT活性显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)提高、MDA含量显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)降低(除7 d时1 mg/g EMP凝胶治疗组外);EMP凝胶可促进组织细胞生长,减轻皮肤局部组织炎症反应,与阳性对照组结果一致。表明EMP凝胶在皮肤烧伤治疗中具有较强的抗脂质过氧化损伤、抑制炎症及促进愈合的作用。     

比色法测定菠菜中草酸含量的条件研究

对水杨酸铁络合比色法测定菠菜中草酸含量的条件进行了研究,结果表明,最佳条件是:显色体系pH值2.1～2.7,比色波长510nm,比色时间20 min～2 h.该法测定菠菜样品中草酸含量范围在0～64.0 μg/ml,检出限为1.52 μg/ml;样品加标回收率93.9%～105.2%.     

施氮水平对实生桃树可溶性总糖、淀粉含量及根组织构造的影响

[目的]为桃栽培生产提供理论依据。[方法]试验以3年生实生桃树为材料,NH4NO3为试验氮肥,设0、3、6g/盆三个施氮水平,探讨了不同施氮水平对实生桃树可溶性总糖和淀粉以及根内部组织构造的影响。[结果]根和叶片的可溶性糖含量随着施氮水平的提高呈增加趋势,以6g/盆最高,与对照及3g/盆区差异均达到0.05显著水平;淀粉含量却呈相反趋势,随着施氮水平的提高而呈下降趋势,以6g/盆含量最低,与对照达0.01显著水平。与对照、3g/盆处理相比,6g/盆根内部组织构造表现为维管中柱较大,维管束发达,皮层薄壁细胞间隙小,细胞圆润、饱满,细胞壁光滑,发育较好。[结论]适宜的施氮水平可促进桃树可溶性总糖的累积和根内部组织的发育。     

远海梭子蟹成熟卵巢和早期胚胎的脂类成分比较研究

测定和比较了远海梭子蟹(Portunus pelagicus)成熟卵巢和早期胚胎的水分、总脂、脂类组成和脂肪酸含量,结果表明:早期胚胎的水分含量显著大于成熟卵巢,但后者总脂/组织湿重含量显著小于前者,两者的总脂/组织干重并无显著差异;甘油三酰和磷脂含量在早期胚胎与成熟卵巢之间并不存在显著差异,但是早期胚胎中的游离脂肪酸和胆固醇含量均显著高于成熟卵巢,这可能是胚胎发育过程中脂类物质被水解成游离脂肪酸、胆固醇和甘油等物质;就脂肪酸组成而言,两者中均检测出27种已知脂肪酸,仅15∶0、14∶1n7、20∶1n7和18∶3n3 4种脂肪酸的含量存在显著差异(P<0.05),16∶0、18:0、16∶1n7、18∶1n9、20∶5n3和22∶6n3为成熟卵巢和早期胚胎中的主要的脂肪酸种类,其中n3-PUFA/n6-PUFA和20∶5n3/22∶6n3分别为3.5和0.7。     

茶多酚对大菱鲆生长、抗氧化能力及脂肪代谢相关基因表达的影响

为了研究饲料中添加茶多酚对大菱鲆生长、抗氧化能力及脂肪代谢相关基因表达的影响,以初始体质量为(13.51+0.31) g的大菱鲆幼鱼为实验对象,设计4组添加不同梯度茶多酚(0%、0.01%、0.02%和0.05%,干重添加量分别为0、100、200和500 mg/kg)的等氮等脂实验饲料,进行为期70 d的摄食生长实验。结果显示:①与对照组相比,饲料中添加0.01%～0.02%茶多酚显著提高了大菱鲆幼鱼增重率(WGR);饲料效率(FE)随饲料中茶多酚添加水平升高而升高,但各组间差异不显著;随饲料中茶多酚添加水平升高,大菱鲆肝体比(HSI)呈降低趋势,且显著低于对照组;②鱼体组成分析表明,投喂添加茶多酚饲料组大菱鲆鱼体和肝脏粗脂肪含量呈下降趋势,且在茶多酚添加水平为0.02%～0.05%时达到最低值,显著低于对照组;③与对照组相比,投喂添加茶多酚饲料组大菱鲆血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著升高,且各添加组间差异不显著;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随茶多酚的添加水平升高呈先升高后降低趋势,且在添加水平为0.02%时显著高于对照组;血清丙二醛(MDA)含量随茶多酚添加水平升高而降低,且在添加水平为0.02%～0.05%时显著低于对照组;④大菱鲆肝脏固醇调节元件结合蛋白1(SREBP-1)表达量随着饲料中茶多酚添加水平升高而降低,且在添加水平为0.02%～0.05%时达到最低值,显著低于对照组;脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)表达量随茶多酚添加水平的升高呈先降低后升高趋势,且在添加水平为0.02%时显著低于对照组;过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα)表达量变化趋势与FAS相反,且在添加水平为0.02%时达到最高值。肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶1(CPT1)表达量随饲料中茶多酚添加水平升高而升高,显著高于对照组,且各添加组间差异不显著。研究表明,高脂饲料中添加茶多酚能促进大菱鲆生长、降低肝脏脂肪过度沉积并提高血清抗氧化能力,高脂饲料中添加0.02%茶多酚是大菱鲆幼鱼生长的最适添加量。     

Effect of three diets on the gametogenic development and fatty acid profile of Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) gonads

In this study, the effects of three diets were investigated to enhance Paracentrotus lividus production for commercial purposes. P. lividus were fed ad libitum for 80 days with: diet A—fresh Codium tomentosum Stackhouse, 1797; diet B—formulated using a jellified mix of macroalgae and vegetables, including C. tomentosum (20%), Coralina sp. Linnaeus, 1758 (17%), cabbage Brassica oleracea var. capitata Linnaeus, 1753 (30%), carrot Daucus carota Linnaeus, 1753 (30%) and agar (3%) as a gelling agent. Diet C consisted of maize Zea mays Linnaeus, 1753 (56%) and New Zealand spinach Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pallas, 1781) Kuntze, 1891 (44%). Their effects on the gonadal and somatic growths, gonadosomatic index (GI) and gametogenesis were evaluated, as well as on the total lipid content and fatty acid composition of sea urchin's gonads. Diet A provided high values of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Gonads of sea urchins fed with diet A were found mostly in growth and maturation stages of gametogenesis and showed the lowest lipid content. Sea urchins fed with diet B presented their gonads in the reabsorption stage and had the highest values of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Sea urchins fed with diet C were in the early stages of gametogenesis and had the highest values of lipid content, plus omega‐6 PUFAs. Once as an ingredient in a balanced mix with vegetables, C. tomentosum can be a key factor to the development of new promising high‐quality and low‐cost feed for P. lividus roe enhancement.     

饲料脂肪水平对锦鲤幼鱼生长和血液生化指标的影响

本实验以初始体重为(5.85±0.19)g红白锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio L)幼鱼为实验对象,研究在螺旋藻添加量为12%时,饲料脂肪水平对锦鲤生长、饲料表观消化率、肠道消化酶和血液生化指标的影响。实验设5.36%、7.74%、10.52%、12.85%、15.45%5个脂肪梯度,每组设3个重复,每个重复10尾鱼,表观饱食投喂60 d。结果显示:脂肪水平为5.36%～10.52%,锦鲤增重率(BWG)、特定生长率(SGR)随脂肪水平的升高而升高,均在脂肪水平为10.52%时,达到最大值。实验鱼血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)随脂肪添加比例呈现先下降再升高的趋势,脂肪水平为12.85%后,血清ALT显著升高(P<0.05),脂肪水平为15.45%时,血清GLU浓度显著升高(P<0.05),而甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(CHOL)随脂肪水平的升高各实验组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,螺旋藻添加量一定时,锦鲤适宜脂肪添加水平为10.52%。     

Effect of pH on Structural Changes in Perch Hemoglobin that Can Alter Redox Stability and Heme Affinity

pH can be manipulated to alter the oxidative stability of fish-based foods during storage. X-ray diffraction was used to investigate the ability of reduced pH to cause structural changes in fish hemoglobins that lead to enhanced oxidative degradation. Decreasing pH from 8.0 to 6.3 and 5.7 created a large channel for solvent entry into the heme crevice of perch hemoglobin beta chains. The proton-induced opening of this channel occurred between site CD3 and the heme-6-propionate. Solvent entry into the heme crevice can enhance metHb formation and hemin loss, processes that accelerate lipid oxidation. Reduced pH also decreased the distance between Ile at E11 in one of the alpha chains and the ligand above the heme iron atom. This sterically displaces O₂ and protonated O₂ which increases metHb formation. These studies demonstrate that pH reduction causes structural changes in perch hemoglobin which increase oxidative degradation of the heme pigment.     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate/lipid ratios on growth performance,body composition and glucose metabolism of fingerling blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala

This study aimed to investigate the optimum dietary carbohydrate/lipid (CHO/L) ratio for fingerling blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala (average initial weight: 6.61 ± 0.03 g). Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain various CHO/L ratios ranging from 1.62 to 24.20. Each diet was tested in four replicates for 10 weeks. Specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio and nitrogen and energy retention all improved significantly (P < 0.05) as dietary CHO/L ratios decreased from 24.20 to 5.64 but showed little difference (P > 0.05) as dietary CHO/L ratios ranged from 2.45 to 5.64. Hepatosomatic index increased significantly (P < 0.05) as dietary CHO/L ratios increased, whereas intraperitoneal fat ratio showed an opposite trend (P < 0.05). Opposite to moisture content, lipid content of whole body and carcass all increased significantly (P < 0.05) as dietary CHO/L ratios decreased. Liver lipid content showed little difference (P > 0.05) among all the treatments, while liver glycogen content increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing CHO/L ratios. High dietary carbohydrate enhanced the activities of liver hexokinase, pyruvate kinase and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase but did not induce hyperglycaemia. Based on the second‐order polynomial regression analysis of SGR, the optimal dietary carbohydrate and lipid contents for fingerling blunt snout bream were 291.7 and 81.4 g kg⁻¹, respectively, with a corresponding dietary CHO/L ratio of 3.58.     

Linear models to predict the digestible lipid content of fish diets

Values for the digestible contents of nutrients in diets and feed ingredients are of utmost importance in nutritional strategies for fish. Prediction from dietary composition would eliminate lengthy, tedious and demanding digestibility experiments with fish. Apparent digestible lipid (DL) content [range 7.6–353.4 g kg⁻¹ dry matter (DM)] in compound diets can be predicted with high accuracy ( n  = 610; studies =127; fish species = 34; R ² = 0.9515; RMSE = 16.9504) from dietary crude lipid (CL) content (range 12.0–388.7 g kg⁻¹ DM) by the linear regression equation DL =−2.7303 + 0.9123 CL. Validation of this equation against 65 values from 15 independent studies presented R ² and mean prediction error (MPE) values of 0.9947 and 0.0671, respectively. The corresponding equation for 37 individual feed ingredients evaluated in 24 studies with 18 fish species ( n  = 180) was found to be DL = −1.5824 + 0.8654 CL ( R ² = 0.9717; RMSE = 8.3765). However, validation of the latter is currently hampered by a lack of independent values.