Metabolic characteristics in ruminants of the proteins in newly developed hull-less barley varieties with altered starch traits

Recently, new varieties of hull-less barley have been developed with altered carbohydrate traits. To our knowledge, there is no study on metabolic characteristics in ruminants of the proteins in the newly developed hull-less barley varieties. The objectives of this study were to: compare metabolic characteristics of the proteins of zero-amylose waxy (CDC Fibar), low-amylose waxy (CDC Rattan), high-amylose (HB08302), and normal starch (CDC McGwire) hull-less barley. In situ animal trials were carried out to generate the original rumen fermentation data for modeling nutrient supply to dairy cattle by using two dairy nutrition models – Dutch DVE/OEB system and NRC 2001. The major comparisons were made in terms of i) truly absorbed protein in the small intestine (DVE or MP, and ii) degraded protein balance (DPB). The study revealed that zero-amylose waxy hull-less barley was superior (P < 0.05) in both DVE (123 vs. 117, 114, 103 g kg⁻¹ DM) and MP (112 vs. 93, 96, and 87 g kg⁻¹ DM) when hull-less barley was evaluated as a single feed for dairy cattle. All of four hull-less barley varieties had negative DPB (DPB^OEB; −37.4, −17.1, −30.2, and −28.2 g kg⁻¹ DM for normal starch, zero-amylose waxy, waxy, and high-amylose cultivar, respectively), indicating the potential N shortage. In conclusion, the alteration of starch structure in granule provided a relatively balanced energy and protein for microbial synthesis in the rumen. The DVE and DPB predicted by using the DVE/OEB system can be explained (r² > 0.76) by the equivalent parameters, predicted by using the NRC 2001 model. The alteration of starch structure in granule affects metabolic characteristics of the proteins of hull-less barley in ruminants.     

土壤种子库的研究进展

文章对土壤种子库的形成分布、组成和大小、分类方法、研究方法进行了系统的分析,并阐述了土壤种子库与地上植被的关系,土壤种子库的时间动态及研究土壤种子库的意义。     

生物多样性的形成、维持机制及其宏观研究方法

关于生物多样性的形成与维持机制 ,虽有众多假说 ,但均未形成完善的理论体系。不同的学者从不同的角度出发 ,研究了诸多生态因子与生物多样性的关系 ,得出了许多结论、导出了不少争议。本文主要简述了生物因子 (如生产力、生物量、种间关系、土壤微生物 )和非生物因子 (干扰与空间异质性、气候、土壤因子等 )与生物多样性之间的相互作用机理、人类活动对生物多样性的影响 ,以及在生物多样性影响机制研究中所用的 3S技术与数学方法。总之 ,我们应坚持综合作用的观念 ,从不同的时间和空间尺度、在不同的对象层次上 ,全面、深入地研究各类生物和非生物因子与生物多样性之间的相互作用机理 ,才能得出关于生物多样性的形成与维持机制的全面、完善的理论     

白水江自然保护区麦吊云杉群落类型与垂直格局初步分析

麦吊云杉(Picea brachytyla)为我国二级重点保护植物,也是甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区针阔混交林带(2 100~2 900 m)主要的建群种之一。以第3次大熊猫调查植被数据为基础,以树种重要值为指标,分析了白水江保护区麦吊云杉群落的结构特征。结果表明:该保护区麦吊云杉群落按乔木重要值的大小可划分为10个亚群系,其中与糙皮桦(Betula utilis)和红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)形成的混交林分布最广;麦吊云杉的主要伴生树种为糙皮桦和红桦,其次为铁杉(Tsuga chinensis)、岷江冷杉(Abies chensiensis)、五裂槭(A-cer oliverianum)、泡花树(Meliosma dilleniifolia)、华山松(Pinus armandi)等;麦吊云杉群落从低海拔向高海拔的递变规律是由与温性针阔叶树种华山松、铁杉、糙皮桦、红桦等组成的亚群系向与寒温性针叶树冷杉等形成亚群系递变。     

Effects of Brief Summer or Winter Fasting on the Muscle Quality of Cultured Pacific Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus orientalis)

The effects of fasting on the quality of the dorsal and ventral ordinary muscles from cultured Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) during chilled storage were investigated. Tuna were subjected to fasting for 2 days in the summer or 6 days in the winter prior to harvesting. The breaking strength of the dorsal ordinary muscle sampled in the summer increased until 24 h and then decreased. There were no significant differences in the lipid and glycogen content of the ordinary muscle after 9 h of storage between the controls and either fasting group. The pH of the ordinary muscle subjected to summer and winter fasting was higher than in the controls after 24–48 h of storage. However, the relationship between the pH and glycogen content was unclear. The metmyoglobin content during chilled storage was lower in the ordinary muscles from either fasting group than in the controls. In conclusion, fasting for 6 days in the winter improved the color stability of the ordinary muscle without a decline in its lipid content.     

蓝藻爆发机理研究进展

湖泊富营养化依然是我国目前以及今后相当长一段时期内的重大水环境问题.研究蓝藻水华的形成机制,具有重要的生态和环境意义.对近20年来国内外对蓝藻的研究状况做一个总结,提出自己的一些看法.     

不同碳水化合物结构组成日粮在徐淮白山羊消化道内降解利用的研究

[目的]研究不同SC/NSC比例日粮对徐淮白山羊消化道内碳水化合物消化率的影响。[方法]选取4只体况良好,体重(32±2.5)kg的徐淮白山羊,安装永久性瘤胃瘘管、十二指肠近端瘘管和回肠末端瘘管,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,饲喂4种不同碳水化合物结构组成日粮,其结构性碳水化物与非结构性碳水化合物的比例(SC/NSC)分别为3.52(Ⅰ)、2.06(Ⅱ)、1.28(Ⅲ)和0.84(Ⅳ)。[结果]降低SC/NSC比例,可以一定程度上提高徐淮白山羊瘤胃内和肠道内干物质(DM)、有机质(OM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)及淀粉的消化利用率。随着SC/NSC的比例降低,DM与OM消化率显著升高,其中Ⅳ组极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01);NDF消化率表现为先升高后降低,Ⅲ组极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01);ADF与淀粉在整个消化道的消化率也表现为先升高后降低的趋势,但ADF消化率各组间差异不显著,而Ⅰ和Ⅱ2组的淀粉消化率则显著高于Ⅲ组(P0.05),并极显著高于Ⅳ组(P0.01)。[结论]日粮SC/NSC为1.28时,可以提高徐淮白山羊能量利用效率。     

种植密度和施氮水平对华南8号木薯产量形成的影响

探讨不同种植密度和施氮水平条件下华南8号木薯干物质积累、分配的规律及其对产量形成的影响。结果表明,低密度低施氮水平处理的产量显著高于高密度高施氮水平处理;低密度低施氮水平处理的单条薯重显著高于高密度高施氮水平处理,并且交互作用显著;低密度和低施氮水平处理虽然前期干物质生产速率较低,但后期干物质生产速率及其向块根的分配比例明显高于高密度和高施氮水平。     

脱落酸浸种提高萌发期水稻种子对涝渍胁迫的抗性研究

[目的]探究脱落酸(ABA)浸种对涝渍胁迫条件下水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,为农业生产提供借鉴。[方法]分别用蒸馏水和0.1μmol/LABA溶液浸种24 h,正常催芽萌发至胚根长2～5 mm,涝渍处理72 h,测定水稻种子的出苗率及各项形态指标。[结果]与涝渍对照相比,ABA浸种处理的出苗率、根长、株高、干重、相对活力指数分别增加了38.7%、23.6%、13.3%、37.8%和34.8%。[结论]ABA处理可显著提高涝渍条件下水稻种子的出苗率、秧苗素质及种子相对活力指数。     

75%苯磺隆水分散粒剂的研制

介绍了75%苯磺隆水分散粒剂(WDG)的制备方法,并确定了最佳配方,简述了该剂型的特点、配方组成、加工工艺、贮存稳定性以及性能测定。试验结果表明:该产品的各项指标符合水分散性粒剂的要求,如悬浮率为92.1%,崩解时间在1min以内,在(54±2)℃下贮存14d后的分解率小于5%,且产品的各项指标均符合水分散粒剂的要求。