Reciprocal transfer effects on denitrifying community composition and activity at forest and meadow sites in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon

In order to examine the effects of disturbance, vegetation type, and microclimate on denitrification and denitrifier community composition, experimental plots were established at the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Soil cores were reciprocally transplanted between meadow and forest and samples were collected after 1 and 2 years. Denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) was measured using the acetylene block assay and terminal restriction length polymorphism profiles were generated with nosZ primers that target the gene coding for nitrous oxide reductase. Nitrate concentrations, C mineralization, and water content were measured to gain additional insights into soil properties controlling DEA. Meadow soils were significantly higher in DEA than forest soils, and the highest DEA levels were observed in cores transferred from the meadow into the forest. Nitrate concentrations were also different between forest and meadow soils, but did not correlate to DEA. DEA was higher in open versus closed cores, suggesting an association between denitrification and the rhizosphere. Denitrifier communities of undisturbed forest and meadow soils shifted through a 4-year period but remained distinct from each other. Similarly, denitrifier communities clustered by vegetation type of origin regardless of manipulation, suggesting that the overall denitrifier communities are well buffered against environmental changes.     

土壤质量生物学指标研究进展

本文对近年土壤微生物、土壤酶活性和土壤动物等土壤质量生物学指标研究成果进行了综合评述。土壤微生物是土壤有机组分和生态系统中最活跃的部分,被认为是最敏感的土壤质量生物学指标:微生物生物量代表参与调控土壤中能量和养分循环及有机物质转化所对应微生物的数量,但须结合多样性研究以弥补其无法反映土壤微生物组成和区系变化的缺陷;微生物群落组成和多样性动态反映土壤中生物类群的多变性和土壤质量在微生物数量和功能上的差异;土壤微生物活性体现在土壤微生物商、微生物呼吸和代谢商等方面,应考虑生物量大小与微生物种群活性间的相关关系以反映微生物种群内的差异。土壤酶活性具有极高时效性,在较短时间内就能反映出土壤质量的变化。土壤动物通常以种类的组成和数量,土壤动物区系的相对丰度、多样性或活性作为评价土壤生物质量的敏感指标。与土壤理化指标相比,土壤生物学指标更能对土壤质量的变化做出灵敏迅速的响应,因而被广泛地用于评价土壤质量。     

设施土壤盐分的累积、迁移及离子组成变化特征

通过对我国不同地区设施栽培现状的野外调查和取样分析,研究了设施栽培条件下土壤盐分的累积、迁移及离子组成变化特点。结果表明:1)设施栽培条件下,土壤含盐量的变化幅度大,且均明显高于露地土壤,各研究区域内已有40%8～9%的土壤含盐量超过了作物正常生长的临界浓度。2)设施栽培的可持续利用周期较短,连续种植到4年左右的设施土壤,其耕层盐分的累积量可达到作物的生长障碍临界点,之后因设施使用率的下降以及采取的措施而有所降低,但仍高于露地土壤。设施连续使用会导致土壤环境质量的不断恶化。3)设施土壤剖面(0100.cm)盐分含量均高于相邻露地,盐分含量随土层深度增加而降低,其中耕层(020.cm)的盐分含量显著高于其下各层;盐分离子在土壤剖面的运移同时存在着明显的向底层迁移和向表层聚集两种方式,但以表聚为主;此外,盐分离子的大量累积和向底层迁移,特别是NO3-的淋溶已严重影响到部分地区的地下水水质。4)设施栽培后,土壤中的NO3-、SO42-、Cl-、Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Na+均有不同程度的累积,阴离子以NO3-和SO42-为主,阳离子以Ca2+为主。盐分的大量累积以及某些离子的相对富集在一定程度上引起了作物养分的供需失衡、土壤酸化、棚室内CO2供应不足等生产问题。     

Kinetic Parameters of Gross N Mineralization of Peat Soils as Related to the Composition of Soil Organic Matter

Peat land has been considered as an alternative type of land for agricultural development especially in the tropics. In the present study, the N-supplying capacity, one of the most important soil properties in terms of crop production, of peat soils was examined. Ten peat soil samples were collected from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Japan. Gross N mineralization in the soil samples was estimated using a zero-order model, and kinetic parameters of mineralization were determined using a simple type model. Soil organic matter composition was investigated using ¹³C CPMAS NMR. Mineralization potential ( N ₀), apparent activation energy ( E _a), and mineralization rate constant ( k ) ranged between 571–2,445 mg kg⁻¹, 281–8,181 J mol⁻¹, and 0.009–0.020 d⁻¹, respectively. Although none of the parameters showed a significant correlation with the soil C/N ratio, a negative correlation was observed between the k value and the ratio of the proportion of alkyl C in total C to that of O -alkyl C estimated by ¹³C CPMAS NMR. The latter suggested that the k values were higher in the peat soils relatively rich in readily decomposable organic matter including carbohydrates.     

西安草滩渭河古河漫滩沉积与洪水变化

根据野外调查、历史文献记录和106个样品的粒度分析,对草滩渭河沉积剖面的洪水变化进行了研究。结果表明,渭河300年来洪水沉积分层明显,对洪水的发生和短期降水量变化反映清楚,分辨率高,能够作为很好地指示洪水和降水量变化的指标。CT剖面厚度约4.5 m,为古洪水沉积层,剖面随深度变化具有明显的粗细变化节律。共分为21个沉积层,指示了21次较大规模的洪水。CT剖面反映的21个阶段的洪水深度和规模由大到小的变化顺序为:第13阶段>第5阶段>第17阶段>第14阶段>第12阶段>第6阶段>第2阶段>第1阶段>第18阶段>第4阶段>第3阶段>第10阶段>第11阶段>第8阶段>第21阶段>第9阶段>第15阶段>第20阶段>第19阶段>第16阶段>第7阶段,其中第13,5,17,14,12,6,2,1阶段为特大洪水阶段,第18,4,3,10,11,8,21,9,15,20,19,16,7阶段为大洪水阶段。CT剖面粒度成分显著大于120年来的洪水沉积,反映了草滩剖面洪水发生时,水动力强,流量大,指示当时降水量应当较多。西安草滩CT剖面第1,2,5,6,12,13,14,17层沉积时,高出河床之上的洪水深度大于6.5 m,其余15个阶段的洪水深度等于或小于6.5 m。     

不同类型土壤胡敏素组成的研究

胡敏素(HM)是腐殖物质的主要组成部分,在碳截获、土壤结构、养分保持、生物地球化学循环等方面都占有重要的作用.采用Pallo修改法对HM进行了分组,将其分为铁结合胡敏素(HMi)、粘粒结合胡敏素(HMc)和不溶性胡敏素(HMr).并将这三种物质定义为HM的组成,同时把HMi/HMc和(HMi HMc)/HM作为HM组成的表征指标.研究了不同类型土壤的HM组成.结果表明:不同类型土壤中HM各组分含量.HMi/HMc,(HMi HMc)/HM,△lgk均各不相同;(HMi HMc)/HM>20%;除黑钙土外,HMi/HMc>1,且HM组成中HMr含量最多,HMi其次,HMc最少;HMi相对数量为黑土最高,黑钙土最低,HMc相对数量为黑钙土最高,棕壤最低,HMr相对数量为水稻土最高,黑土最低.在不同类型土壤(水稻土除外)中可溶性HM组分的△lgk值为HMi>HMc,HMi的分子结构比HMc的简单,而且棕壤HMi,HMc的△lgk值均最高,结构最简单.     

银杏叶水溶性多糖的分离、纯化、初步鉴定及活性研究

目的:从银杏叶中提取水溶性多糖并进一步纯化,得到均一的多糖PGBL3并研究其组成、性质及其活性。方法:粗多糖经反复冻融沉淀、Sevage法脱蛋白、超滤、柱色谱等方法分离纯化得到级分PGBL3。以比旋光度测定、醋酸纤维薄膜电泳、HPLC等方法检验其均一性,以hela细胞鉴定其抗肿瘤活性。结果:PGBL3为均一组分,GC分析其单糖组成为Gal、Man、Glc、Ara、Rha、GalA,摩尔比为:6.0︰2.4︰1.9︰2.1︰1.9︰1.0。结论:PGBL3为酸性杂多糖,相对分子量为1×105。具有一定抗肿瘤功能。     

3种笛鲷的含肉率、肥满度、比肝重和肌肉营养成分的分析

对千年笛鲷Lutjanus sebae、红鳍笛鲷L.erythopterus和紫红笛鲷L.argentimaculatus及不同生长阶段千年笛鲷的含肉率、肥满度、比肝重及其肌肉生化成分进行了分析,结果表明,3种笛鲷的含肉率差异极显著,肥满度、比肝重和肌肉营养成分的差异较小,而对于不同生长阶段的千年笛鲷而言,其差异明显。肌肉粗蛋白、粗脂肪和水分含量的大小顺序均为红鳍笛鲷>紫红笛鲷>千年笛鲷。不同生长阶段的千年笛鲷,随着鱼体的生长,其含肉率增加,肥满度和比肝重降低;粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量增加,水分和灰分含量减少。     

洞庭湖环湖丘岗区土壤动物群落组成及分布

以洞庭湖环湖丘岗区4个生态系统为标准样地研究土壤动物群落的组成、垂直结构及季节性变化。全部调查共获得土壤动物31 298只、30类分别隶属于4门13纲29目。其中,蜱螨类、弹尾类、等翅目、膜翅目、鞘翅成虫和双翅幼虫为最重要类群。被调查的4个生境的土壤动物群落,个体数量变化趋势是:针阔混交林>茶林>竹林>阔叶林,类群数变化趋势是:竹林=茶林>针阔混交林>阔叶林。4个生境土壤动物的个体数和类群数均具有明显的表聚性,并随土层加深动物个体数及类群数递减的规律。土壤动物的多样性以冬季、春季最丰富,夏季最少,季节变化的波动性较大。     

利用近红外光谱技术快速分析全株玉米青贮营养成分

研究旨在利用近红外光谱技术(near infrared reflectance spectroscopy,NIRS)建立全株玉米青贮6种营养成分的近红外预测模型,为生产实践中合理利用全株玉米青贮饲料资源提供理论依据.选取玉米青贮样品64份作为定标集,16份作为验证集.利用NIRS结合改良偏最小二乘法(modified ...