旺得丰有机-无机生物复混肥与比斯美生物有机肥在水稻上的使用效果比较

[目的]探讨旺得丰有机-无机生物复混肥与比斯美生物有机肥在水稻上的应用效果。[方法]进行田间试验,室内考种分析,探讨2种肥料在水稻上的应用效果。[结果]旺得丰有机-无机生物复混肥与比斯美生物有机肥处理的水稻,表现为熟期提早,植株矮壮,后期熟相好。虽有效穗比对照分别有所减少,但穗粒数、结实率、千粒重均有所增加。比斯美生物有机肥处理的水稻与对照平产,旺得丰有机-无机生物复混肥处理的水稻产量比对照增加0.54个百分点。[结论]旺得丰有机-无机生物复混肥具有较好的肥效,比斯美生物有机肥肥效不明显,能够节省化肥的使用。     

不同氮肥对污染土壤玉米生长和重金属Cu、Cd吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验研究污染红壤不同氮肥处理对玉米生长和吸收重金属Cu和Cd的影响。结果表明,尿素和硝酸钙处理玉米生物量高于低硫酸铵用量处理和对照处理。在污染土壤中施入高氮量的尿素较其他处理有利于玉米生长和降低玉米植株体内重金属含量。与对照相比,尿素和硫酸铵的施用降低土壤pH值,从而增加红壤水溶态以及盐提取态Cu、Cd含量;硝酸钙处理升高土壤的pH值,降低盐提取态Cu含量。用1.0 mol/L NH₄NO₃盐提取态或水溶态根区土壤重金属含量能够很好地预测玉米对Cu和Cd的吸收。在Cu和Cd污染的酸性土壤上种植玉米,施加高用量尿素或者低用量硝酸钙来促进玉米生长和降低重金属含量,避免硫酸铵氮肥的施用。     

稻草还田腐熟与化肥配施对晚稻产量及土壤理化性状的影响

稻草还田腐熟可以改善土壤理化性状,对水稻生长的经济性状指标有一定的影响,稻草还田腐熟后提供的氮、磷、钾营养元素可以减施化肥用量。试验中与无稻草还田常规施肥相比,稻草还田腐熟,以氮磷肥用量减少10%,钾肥用量减少10%~20%为宜,可使当季土壤有机质含量增加0.1~0.2 g/kg,提高0.3%~0.6%,而产量、产值和纯收益无明显差异。     

Soil CO2 and N2O Emissions in Maize Growing Season Under Different Fertilizer Regimes in an Upland Red Soil Region of South China

Upland red soils have been identified as major CO2 and N2O sources induced by human activities such as fertilization. To monitor characteristics of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes in cropland ecosystems after continuous fertilizer applications over decades and to separate the respective contributions of root and heterotrophic respiration to the total soil CO2 and N2O fluxes, the measurements of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes throughout the maize growing season in 2009 were carried out based on a fertilization experiment （from 1990） through of the maize （Zea mays L.） growing season in red soil in southern China. Five fertilization treatments were chosen from the experiment for study： zero-fertilizer application （CK）, nitrogen-phosphorus- potassium （NPK） fertilizer application only, pig manure （M）, NPK plus pig manure （NPKM） and NPK with straw （NPKS）. Six chambers were installed in each plot. Three of them are in the inter-row soil （NR） and the others are in the soil within the row （R）. Each fertilizer treatment received the same amount of N （300 kg ha-1 yr-1）. Results showed that cumulative soil CO2 fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS〉M, NPKM〉NPK〉CK. The contributions of root respiration to soil CO2 fluxes was 40, 44, 50, 47 and 35% in CK, NPK, NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, with the mean value of 43%. Cumulative soil N2O fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS, NPKM〉M〉NPK〉CK, and soil N2O fluxes in R were 18, 20 and 30% higher than that in NR in NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, but with no difference between NR and R in NPK treatment. Furthermore, combine with soil temperature at -5 cm depth and soil moisWxe （0-20 cm） together could explain 55-70% and 42-59% of soil CO2 and N2O emissions with root interference and 62- 78% and 44-63% of that without root interference, respectively. In addition, soil CO2 and N2O flUXeS per unit yield in NPKM （0.55 and 0.10 kg C t^-1） and M （0.65 and 0.13 g N t^-1） treatments were lower than those in other treatments. Therefore, manure application could be a preferred fertilization strategy in red soils in South China.     

有机无机肥配施对烤烟生长及产质量的影响

以K326为材料,通过田间试验,研究了有机无机肥与化肥配施对烤烟生长发育、产量及质量的影响。结果表明:施用贝斯特有机无机肥(T4处理)和圣农有机无机肥能够促进烟株生长,显著地提高烤烟的产量和产值。T4处理的烤后烟叶外观质量较好,内在化学成分更协调,感官质量评吸结果最佳。     

电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法测定大量元素水溶肥料中金属元素的含量

该文建立一种快速、准确、实用的肥料中金属元素测定的方法,并用该方法测定大量元素水溶肥料中铁、镁、钙、锰、铜、锌6种金属元素含量,结果表明:该方法对6种金属元素的检出限为0.003～0.008μg/mL,线性范围达3个数量级以上。将该方法用于大量元素水溶肥料的检测,实际样品的加标回收率在91.7%～106.2%,样品连续进样7次,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于5%。     

水肥组合对日光温室黄瓜叶片生长和产量的影响

在陕北黄土高原具隔水小区的日光温室内,设计完全随机区组试验,研究了不同水肥组合对结瓜期黄瓜叶片生长和产量的影响。结果表明,在结瓜期,所有处理黄瓜叶面积逐渐增加,而叶片扩展速率、叶片组织含水率、叶片中游离脯氨酸（PRO）和丙二醛（MDA）含量、黄瓜产量和水分利用效率（WUE）均先增加后降低;当土壤含水率一致时,高肥处理（N：600 kg/hm2,P2O5：420 kg/hm2）叶面积、叶片扩展速率、产量和WUE显著高于低肥处理（N：420 kg/hm2,P2O5：294 kg/hm2）;低肥处理产量随土壤含水率增加而增加,高肥处理随土壤含水率增加先增加后降低,WUE随土壤含水率增加而降低。中水高肥处理（WmFh）的叶片净光合速率（Pn）和蒸腾速率（Tr）日变化均高于其他处理。表明,中水高肥处理（田间持水率＞75%～90%,施用N：600 kg/hm2,P2O5：420 kg/hm2）黄瓜在结瓜期叶片生长健壮、光合作用强、产量较高,节约了水资源。     

稻田水肥资源高效利用与调控模拟

水和肥是影响作物产量与生态环境的重要因素。为揭示稻田水肥利用规律,以达到稻田节水、省肥、高产、减排的目标,该文以湖北省漳河团林实验站稻田水肥耦合灌溉与控制排水试验观测数据为基础,联合运用作物生长模型ORYZA 2000和田间水文模型DRAINMOD 6.0,模拟分析不同降水、节灌、施肥、控排条件下的水稻产量与稻田排水量响应关系,得出了稻田水肥调控的临界条件,即采用稻田间歇灌溉方式,灌水定额30 mm,施氮量170 kg/hm2左右,控制排水水位20 cm时,节水12.5%～18.87%、省肥35.1%、增产11%、减排19.9%。本研究对加强农田水肥科学管理,提高水氮生产效率,防治农业面源污染,促进灌区可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Role of micronutrients on quantitative traits and prospects of its accumulation in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)

The adequate growth of plants can be achieved only by a balanced ratio of biologically active nutrients in soil along with its readily availability. Linseed seems to be an advantageous secondary oilseed crop widely used in industrial purposes, which can serve additional purpose of phytoextraction of heavily infested soils with heavy metals. In this study, we have made an effort to find out the optimum dose of heavy metals necessary as micronutrients like copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) for the enhancement of linseed yield along with the distribution of heavy metals in different plant parts. Quantitative enhancement in different traits of linseed plant due to Cu, Fe and Zn fertilization especially for capsules per plant after maturity suggested positive association between heavy metal supply and morphological traits, which indirectly enhanced seed yield. There was a positive correlation between Zn supply and seed yield. In the treatments with Cu and Fe fertilization, seed yield was positively correlated to plant height, capsules per plant and seeds per five capsules. According to this study, it is concluded that linseed has the ability to accumulate majorly Fe followed by Cu and Zn.     

Nitrogen requirement of wide-spaced row crops in the presence of starter fertilizer

Abstract. There is a need to develop sustainable nitrogen (N) management systems that minimize environmental losses by maximizing the use efficiency of applied fertilizers, particularly with wide-row annual crops that are often poor at utilizing N. A key approach is to match nitrogen supply with crop demand using improved methods of fertilizer application and timing. One technique is to target liquid 'starter' fertilizers close to the seed, or around the roots of transplants, and to omit or reduce conventional broadcast applications. This paper examines the effects of starter fertilizer combined with various rates of seedbed and/or top-dressed N on the growth and yield of bulb onion ( Allium cepa L.), crisp lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.), forage maize ( Zea mays Bonaf.) and sugarbeet ( Beta vulgaris L.). Starter fertilizer improved early growth and, in combination with reduced rates of supplementary N, gave yields comparable with higher rates of base N with each crop, except sugarbeet. The use of top-dressed N was as effective as base N in supplementing starter fertilizer and had the benefit that it allowed a top-dressing requirement to be estimated accurately using a simple nitrogen balance equation. These results, taken with earlier work, show that starter fertilizers offer clear opportunities for reducing N inputs, while maintaining yield and quality of these crops.