The Relationship Between Vegetation Characteristics and Altitudes in Transitional Permafrost Zone in Xidatan,Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Many studies showed that permafrost has profound influence on alpine ecosystem. However, former researches were mainly focused on typical points by temporal scales. There were few studies about the correlation between vegetation characteristics and different altitudes covering a large region in spatial pattern, especially in transitional permafrost(TP). There were continuous permafrost(CP) discontinuous permafrost(DCP) and seasonal frozen ground(SFG) in this study region. The types of permafrost changed from SFG to DCP, and finally become CP as the altitudes of Xidatan increase. In this paper, 112 845 points interpreted by HJ1-B(environment and disaster monitoring and prediction small satellite constellation), vegetation investigation points, thawing layer thickness research sites, ground temperature and water content observation plots were used to examine the spatial pattern of vegetation which were located in different altitudes in Xidatan, a typical TP region, in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Vegetation characteristics, soil moisture content(SMC) and thaw depths were collected in 15 August to 25 August2012. Characteristics of vegetation were mainly represented by fractional vegetation cover(FVC) derived from the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI), as well as above ground biomass(AGB). In this paper, we analyzed that the distinction of vegetation characteristics in each range through statistics data. These ranges were divided by varied altitudes. For examples, the ranges were divided into 50 m or 100 m. In this study we use a large area plots method to further discuss the relationship between the features of vegetation and the different regions of permafrost based on altitudes shifts in Xidatan. A diagram described the vegetation characteristics variability with rising altitudes in transitional permafrost region was drawn in this paper. Our results illustrated the FVCs first increased in SFG region and then decreased in DCP zone slowly, and in CP region FVCs soared then dropped dramatically. With the altitudes increased, the curve of FVCs indicated a parabolic distribution except a little difference in the first 200 m range.     

流域特征及景观格局对泥沙输移比的影响研究综述

泥沙输移比是目前预测流域产沙量的一种较实用的方法,它的确定受到很多因素的影响,其中流域特征和流域的景观格局是影响泥沙输移比的重要因子。从流域特征和景观格局两大方面对泥沙输移比研究进行综述,以期为我国开展土壤侵蚀及泥沙输移研究提供参考。     

黄孢原毛平革菌处理玉米秸秆的腐解特征

摘要：采用黄孢原毛平革菌处理不同粒度的玉米秸秆,测定了秸秆降解率、木质素降解率、有机质、总腐殖酸、H/F、羧基和酚羟基含量,探讨了秸秆处理过程中的腐解特征。结果表明,在秸秆腐解过程中,腐解物的质量、有机质、木质素含量逐渐降低,其分解率和分解时间与秸秆粒度具有相关性;H/F总体呈上升趋势,腐殖化程度升高;酚羟基含量逐渐降低,羧基含量逐渐升高。这些现象表明秸秆的腐解过程为氧化过程,酚羟基被氧化为羧基。     

华北小麦玉米轮作区耕地地力等级划分及特征

华北地区在我国粮食生产中占有举足轻重的地位,小麦玉米轮作是该区域主要种植制度。本文选取华北小麦玉米轮作区为研究区域,从农业部县域耕地地力调查与评价数据库中甄别遴选了23 862个评价样点,采用土壤图、土地利用现状图和行政区划图组合叠置确定了17 945个评价单元,选取了降水量、积温、地貌类型、耕层厚度、耕地质地、有机质、有效磷、速效钾、有效锌、盐渍化程度、灌溉能力等11个指标,运用特尔斐法、模糊评价、层次分析等方法对耕地地力进行了评价。结果表明:华北小麦玉米轮作区1~6级耕地面积分别占总耕地面积的11.29%、19.30%、28.06%、21.57%、11.99%和7.80%。在定量分级的基础上,将本次评价数据与第二次土壤普查数据进行深入对比,结果发现:该区域耕地地力总体水平上升,主要表现为土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾的含量明显上升。评价结果将为华北地区地力培肥与土壤改良、科学布局作物生产、提升耕地生产能力等提供基础信息和科学依据。     

河北木蓝种子萌发特性研究

探索河北木蓝种子萌发特性,可为其引种驯化和栽培应用提供理论依据。以河北木蓝种子为研究对象,对种子萌发特性进行了研究。试验结果表明：①河北木蓝种子呈椭圆形、肾形,棕褐色,种子纵径与横径平均分别为2.94±0.39 mm、2.40±0.12 mm,千粒质量为6.83 g,硬实率为55.33%;②50-60℃温水浸种、浓硫酸处理9 min、磨砂处理均能有效打破河北木蓝种子硬实,河北木蓝种子发芽率分别为86.00%、98.00%、98.00%,其中以浓硫酸处理9 min最适宜河北木蓝种子的萌发;③河北木蓝种子经50℃温水浸种、浓硫酸处理9 min及磨砂处理后,其种子吸水率分别为35.89%、96.83%、128.75%,是未处理种子的1.04倍、2.79倍、3.71倍。浓硫酸处理9 min最适宜河北木蓝种子萌发。     

4个核桃类树种苗木应对持续干旱的生理响应

采用自然干旱法,对引种栽培的美国黑核桃‘北加州黑核桃’和美国山核桃‘波尼’以及乡土核桃树种（漾濞大泡核桃和旺核2号）的2年生苗木进行干旱胁迫处理,测定其生理生化指标,对比分析其抗旱性。结果表明：(1) 4个树种的根系活力、叶片相对含水量、叶片水势和超氧化物歧化酶均随干旱胁迫的增强而呈下降的趋势,叶片相对电导率呈上升的趋势,叶片丙二醛含量呈先增加后下降最后上升的趋势,可溶性糖含量呈先增后减的趋势。（2）叶片可溶性糖含量在第14天时发生显著变化;根系活力在第17天时发生显著变化;叶片相对含水量和丙二醛含量以及超氧化物歧化酶活性在第19天时开始发生显著变化;叶片相对电导率、叶片水势均在第23天时发生显著变化。 (3) 4个树种的抗旱隶属值排序为：‘北加州黑核桃’>‘波尼’>‘旺核2号’>漾濞大泡核桃,说明引进种对干旱的适应性要高于乡土树种。     

水分胁迫对赤霞珠葡萄光合特性的影响

为了探究水分胁迫对赤霞珠葡萄光合特性的影响,以限根条件下3a生赤霞珠为材料,根据叶片的基础水势Ψb,结合时控仪实现全自动控制灌水,以叶片的基础水势Ψb,在0 MPa≥Ψb≥-0.2 MPa范围时,葡萄处于无水分胁迫(CK)为对照,分别设置3个水分胁迫水平(轻度水分胁迫T1,Ψb在-0.2 MPa≥Ψb≥-0.4 MPa范围内;中度水分胁迫T2,Ψb在-0.4 MPa≥Ψb≥-0.6 MPa范围内;重度水分胁迫T3处理,-0.6 MPa≥Ψb时),研究了不同程度水分胁迫对赤霞珠葡萄光合特性的影响。结果表明:水分胁迫能不同程度的抑制赤霞珠光合色素(叶绿素a,叶绿素b,类胡萝卜素和总的叶绿素含量)的合成,并促进其分解,最终导致光合色素含量降低。同时,水分胁迫导致赤霞珠葡萄净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)及气孔导度(Gs)呈现下降的趋势,促使胞间CO2浓度(Ci)呈现先下降后上升的趋势,但水分胁迫在一定程度上增加了水分利用效率。     

覆盖方式对旱地马铃薯阶段耗水量特征和产量的影响

为明确不同覆盖方式对旱地马铃薯田土壤耗水、耗水规律、水分利用效率、产量及产量形成的影响,在陇中半干旱农区设置了玉米秸秆带状双行覆盖(SSM2)、玉米秸秆带状单行覆盖(SSM1)、玉米秸秆全覆盖(SFM)、地膜春覆盖(PMS)和地膜秋覆盖(PMA)5种覆盖方式,以传统露地平作为对照(CK)。结果表明:2年试验中,玉米秸秆带状覆盖和地膜覆盖处理土壤贮水消耗量较CK分别增加13.5,14.8 mm。玉米秸秆带状覆盖能显著提高降水对马铃薯耗水贡献率,不同降雨年型内均以SSM2处理贡献率最高,2年分别为95.6%和94.3%。于CK相比,覆盖处理均降低了生育前期(播种-块茎形成期)耗水量,地膜覆盖显著增加了生育中期(块茎形成期-淀粉积累期)耗水量,玉米秸秆带状覆盖显著增加了生育后期(淀粉积累期-收获期)的耗水量。玉米秸秆带状覆盖和地膜覆盖分别能使马铃薯干薯产量增加27.9%和24.2%,干薯水分利用效率提高23.1%和19.3%。综上可知,玉米秸秆带状覆盖处理能显著增加马铃薯生育时期内农田土壤贮水消耗量,并改善马铃薯生育前期和生育后期耗水,减少旱地马铃薯农田无效耗水,能显著提高马铃薯干薯产量和水分利用效率。     

Study on heat transfer characteristics in a gasification convective syngas cooler

This study uses high pressure single gas (He and N2) and mixture(He + N2) gas instead of the high pressure syngas , and the test pressure for each gas were from 0.5 MPa to 3 MPa with test temperature from 150 ℃ to 450 ℃. The results show that the working pressure, gas composition and flow heating methods influence the high pressure gas convective heat transfer coefficient, and the effect of the working pressure is the most prominent. The average convection heat transfer coefficients are obtained for different kinds of high pressure gas in annular channel heat exchanger, and the correlations of the typical flow heating methods and its applicable condition.