Scale-dependent habitat use in three species of prairie wetland birds

We evaluated the influence of scale on habitat use for three wetland-obligate bird species with divergent life history characteristics and possible scale-dependent criteria for nesting and foraging in South Dakota, USA. A stratified, two-stage cluster sample was used to randomly select survey wetlands within strata defined by region, wetland density, and wetland surface area. We used 18-m (0.1 ha) fixed radius circular-plots to survey birds in 412 semipermanent wetlands during the summers of 1995 and 1996. Variation in habitat use by pied-billed grebes (Podilymbus podiceps) and yellow-headed blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus), two sedentary species that rarely exploit resources outside the vicinity of nest wetlands, was explained solely by within-patch variation. Yellow-headed blackbirds were a cosmopolitan species that commonly nested in small wetlands, whereas pied-billed grebes were an area-sensitive species that used larger wetlands regardless of landscape pattern. Area requirements for black terns (Chlidonias niger), a vagile species that typically forages up to 4 km away from the nest wetland, fluctuated in response to landscape structure. Black tern area requirements were small (6.5 ha) in heterogeneous landscapes compared to those in homogeneous landscapes (15.4–32.6 ha). Low wetland density landscapes composed of small wetlands, where few nesting wetlands occurred and potential food sources were spread over large distances, were not widely used by black terns. Landscape-level measurements related to black tern occurrence extended past relationships between wetlands into the surrounding matrix. Black terns were more likely to occur in landscapes where grasslands had not been tilled for agricultural production. Our findings represent empirical evidence that characteristics of entire landscapes, rather than individual patches, must be quantified to assess habitat suitability for wide-ranging species that use resources over large areas.     

猫泛白细胞减少症病毒北京株NS1基因克隆与生物信息学分析

为分析猫泛白细胞减少症病毒（FPV）北京株（FPV-BJ 05株）NS1基因的分子特征及其编码蛋白的生物学功能,本研究对FPV-BJ 05株NS1基因进行PCR扩增、克隆及序列测定。应用生物信息学软件分析FPV-BJ 05株与GenBank上登录的11株FPV参考株NS1基因的同源性,并预测NS1蛋白理化性质、信号肽、跨膜结构、B细胞抗原表位、磷酸化位点、亚细胞定位及蛋白结构与功能、高级结构等。结果显示,NS1基因全长2 007 bp,编码668个氨基酸,且与其他FPV分离株NS1基因核苷酸序列同源性为98.8%~99.3%,氨基酸序列同源性为97.9%~98.8%。系统进化树分析结果显示,FPV-BJ 05株NS1蛋白与GenBank上登录的3株FPV参考株处于同一大分支,但由于氨基酸的突变导致其属于独立的一小分支。NS1蛋白既无信号肽也无跨膜结构域,属于非分泌型的疏水性蛋白。B细胞抗原表位预测结果显示,NS1蛋白柔韧性较好,抗原性及表面可及性较高,预测该蛋白含有13个优势抗原位点。修饰结构预测表明,NS1蛋白含有62个潜在磷酸化位点,27个O-糖基化位点和2个N-糖基化位点。亚细胞定位结果显示,NS1蛋白在细胞质和细胞核的概率较高,分别为69.6%和17.4%。NS1蛋白二级结构中α-螺旋、延伸链、无规则卷曲和β-转角分别占39.37%、15.42%、39.37%和5.84%。应用在线软件SWISS-Modle对NS1蛋白进行建模,预测其三级结构,结果发现NS1蛋白主要以α-螺旋为主。本试验结果将为北京地区FPV免疫诊断及核酸疫苗研究提供理论依据。     

Effects of landscape structure on nest predation in roadsides of a midwestern agroecosystem: a multiscale analysis

Nest predation is an important cause of mortality for many bird species, especially in grassland ecosystems where generalist predators have responded positively to human disturbance and landscape fragmentation. Our study evaluated the influence of the composition and configuration of the surrounding landscape on nest predation. Transects consisting of 10 artificial ground nests each were set up in 136 roadsides in six watersheds in south-central Iowa. Nest predation on individual roadside transects ranged from 0 to 100% and averaged 23%. The relationship of landscape structure within spatially-nested landscapes surrounding each roadside transect (within 200, 400, 800, 1200, and 1600 m of the transect line) to nest predation was evaluated by using multiple regression and canonical correlation analyses. The results of this multiscale landscape analysis demonstrated that predation on ground nests was affected by the surrounding landscape mosaic and that nest predators with different-sized home ranges and habitat affinities responded to landscapes in different ways. In general, wooded habitats were associated with greater nest predation, whereas herbaceous habitats (except alfalfa/pasture) either were associated with less nest predation or were not important. Different landscape variables were important at different spatial scales. Whereas some block-cover habitats such as woodland were important at all scales, others such as rowcrops and alfalfa/pasture were important at large scales. Some strip-cover habitats such as gravel roads and paved roads were important at small scales, but others such as wooded roadsides were important at all all scales. Most landscape metrics (e.g., mean patch size and edge density) were important at large scales. Our study demonstrated that the relationships between landscape structure and predator assemblages are complex, thus making efforts to enhance avian productivity in agricultural landscapes a difficult management goal.     

祁连山中段退化高寒草地土壤细菌群落分布特征

为探究祁连山中段不同退化高寒草地土壤细菌群落分布特征,采用Illumina HiSeq PE250高通量测序平台对轻度、中度和重度退化草地土壤细菌群落变化特征进行研究,并对土壤细菌群落与土壤酶活性、土壤理化因子间关系进行分析。结果表明:随着退化程度加剧,植被盖度、高度、地上生物量和多样性指数均明显降低(P<0.05);土壤理化性质和酶活性变化各异且差异显著(P<0.05)。高通量测序共得到257971条有效序列,219017条优质序列和2004个OTUs。细菌群落丰富度指数依次为轻度>中度>重度,多样性指数为轻度>重度>中度,Beta多样性分析表明各样地间差异为轻度>重度>中度。其中,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为3种退化草地土壤的优势菌门,在轻度、中度和重度退化草地土壤中分别占77.25%、84.27%和78.66%;乳球菌属为3种退化草地土壤的优势菌属,在轻度、中度和重度退化草地土壤中分别占14.29%、38.84%和7.39%。冗余分析表明:土壤酶活性和土壤理化性质均对细菌群落的组成具有影响,其中土壤pH是影响土壤细菌群落分布的主要驱动因子。祁连山中段不同退化高寒草地土壤细菌群落的变化主要受土壤理化性质和酶活性的影响。     

西藏一江两河地区农牧复合生态系统结构分析

利用实地调查,文献分析的研究方法,分析西藏一江两河地区种植业结构和畜牧业结构.结果表明:种植业结构已由粮经二元结构变为粮经饲三元结构;畜牧业结构变化幅度不大;该区农牧复合系统内"粮食作物以谷物占绝对比重,经济作物以油菜为主,均表现出明显的单一性;畜种结构单一,为牛、羊占绝对比重的草食型畜群结构".结构调整建议为:降低粮食作物特别是麦类作物的播种面积,增加经济作物尤其是蔬菜和水果及饲料作物的播种面积,使粮经饲比达到50:20:30;引草入田,推广粮草轮作制度;增加猪及禽类的饲养量,逐步建立耗粮型与草食型相结合的畜种结构的建议.     

原子壳层结构排布的“三角形”方法

针对原子物理学教学中电子壳层结构排布这一难点,介绍了一种简单、直观的三角形方法。该方法容易掌握,熟练掌握后对于教材中＂原子的壳层结构＂章节的学习有重要的作用。     

石河子绿洲农业生态经济系统结构与功能分析

从石河子绿洲农业生态经济系统的水土资源、农业种群、产业结构方面以及物质流、能量流、价值流功能进行综合分析,对于建立良好的生态结构及充分发挥农业生态系统功能提出对策.     

资源型城市产业结构演变的环境效应研究——以鞍山市为例

产业结构是经济活动与生态环境相互作用的重要纽带,资源型城市产业结构演变的环境影响具有独特的研究价值。选取典型资源型城市-鞍山市为案例,从演变的视角,研究产业结构与环境质量的动态变化特征,并利用典型相关分析的方法探讨二者的相互作用。研究表明,第二产业为主体、黑色金属冶炼及压延工业为主导以及国有制为主要运行环境是鞍山市产业结构的主要特征;鞍山市大多数环境污染物排放量的波动下降趋势明显,但仍维持在较高水平上;产业结构演变的环境效应显著,不同类型的产业对不同污染物的环境影响不同。     

氧化鱼油对鲤鱼生产性能和肌肉组织结构的影响

将新鲜鱼油(过氧化物值 ,POV ,1.28meqO2/kg)和POV分别为59.28、118.79、159.85、189.37、331.82和367.86meqO2/kg 的6个氧化程度不同的鱼油按3 %加入半纯化饲料中 ,投喂60g左右二龄鲤鱼鱼种9周。结果表明 :氧化鱼油损害鲤鱼生产性能 ,即降低鲤鱼增重率(P<0.05)、增加饲料系数(P<0.05) ;氧化鱼油导致肝体比(HSI)、肾体比(KSI)和脾体比(SSI)增加 ,以POV为59.28meqO2/kg 的低氧化程度鱼油增加幅度最高 ,超过此氧化程度 ,增加态势相对减弱 ,这预示低量氧化产物刺激肝胰脏、肾脏和脾脏增生 ,高量氧化产物破坏性增强 ,抑制增生作用 ;氧化鱼油破坏肌肉组织 ,使肌纤维间隙急剧扩大、肌原纤维降解、肌原纤维模式紊乱。     

石河子市土地利用结构评价

对石河子市土地利用结构进行了评价。结果表明,石河子市正处于经济发展的加速阶段,城市化进程还在加快,土地利用结构也处于不断变化之中。同时分析了石河子市土地利用结构存在的问题。