不同保水处理下苏丹草光合特性研究

为了研究矿区生态修复过程中植物对不同保水措施的生理响应,以常用修复植物苏丹草为研究对象,利用CIRAS-2型(PP-Systems)光合仪测定苏丹草的光合指标,探讨高温下苏丹草对不同保水措施的生理响应,以期为矿区生态修复中的保水措施提供理论依据。结果表明:不同保水处理下苏丹草的光合速率Pn和瞬间水分利用效率WUE日变化均呈"W"型曲线,蒸腾速率Tr日变化呈"M"型曲线。苏丹草的Pn有"午休"现象存在,主要受非气孔因素的影响。影响苏丹草Pn、Tr的主要环境因子为大气CO2浓度Ca、大气温度Tc、大气相对湿度RH。在土壤上覆盖火烧石和添加粉煤灰均显著增大了苏丹草的Pn和WUE,增强了苏丹草适应高温环境的能力。从Pn的指标来看,土壤表面覆盖火烧石处理比土壤中添加粉煤灰处理的效果好,但两者同时作用效果略低于单独用火烧石处理,原因有待进一步研究。     

高粱bmr-6和bmr-12基因对产量和品质性状的效应比较

比较了在Atlas、Early Hegari-Sart、Kansas Collier、Rox Orange和Wheatland 5种高粱遗传背景下,bmr-6和bmr-12基因对产量性状及品质性状的影响。结果表明,bmr-6和bmr-12基因使株高显著降低,同时增加了植株的茎粗;而对分蘖数和叶片数的影响较小。bmr-6和bmr-12对产量性状是负面影响,但在不同的遗传背景下不一致。对于品质性状,bmr-6一般是使中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维降低,而bmr-12则对这两者影响不大。bmr-6和bmr-12都使酸性洗涤木质素和酸不溶灰分降低。综合考虑,bmr-12的育种利用价值比bmr-6大。     

Characterization of host tolerance to Striga hermonthica

Summary One of the most promising control options against the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica is the use of crop varieties that combine resistance with high levels of tolerance. The aim of this study was to clarify the relation between Striga infestation level, Striga infection level and relative yield loss of sorghum and to use this insight for exploring the options for a proper screening procedure for tolerance. In three pot experiments, conducted in Mali (2003) and The Netherlands (2003, 2004), four sorghum genotypes were exposed to a range of Striga infestation levels, ranging from 0.0625 to 16 seeds cm⁻³. Observations included regular Striga emergence counts and sorghum grain yield at maturity. There were significant genotype, infestation and genotype × infestation effects on sorghum yield. The relation between infestation level and infection level was density dependent. Furthermore, the relation between Striga infection level and relative yield loss was non-linear, though for the most resistant genotype Framida only the linear part of the relation was obtained, as even at high infestation levels only moderate infection levels were achieved. The results suggest that for resistant genotypes, tolerance can best be quantified as a reduced relative yield loss per aboveground Striga plant, whereas for less resistant genotypes the maximum relative yield loss can best be used. Whether both expressions of tolerance are interrelated could not be resolved. Complications of screening for tolerance under field conditions are discussed.     

Tillage, cover crops, and nitrogen fertilization effects on soil nitrogen and cotton and sorghum yields

Sustainable soil and crop management practices that reduce soil erosion and nitrogen (N) leaching, conserve soil organic matter, and optimize cotton and sorghum yields still remain a challenge. We examined the influence of three tillage practices (no-till, strip till and chisel till), four cover crops {legume [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth)], nonlegume [rye (Secaele cereale L.)], vetch/rye biculture and winter weeds or no cover crop}, and three N fertilization rates (0, 60–65 and 120–130 kg N ha⁻¹) on soil inorganic N content at the 0–30 cm depth and yields and N uptake of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. A field experiment was conducted on Dothan sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Plinthic Paleudults) from 1999 to 2002 in Georgia, USA. Nitrogen supplied by cover crops was greater with vetch and vetch/rye biculture than with rye and weeds. Soil inorganic N at the 0–10 and 10–30 cm depths increased with increasing N rate and were greater with vetch than with rye and weeds in April 2000 and 2002. Inorganic N at 0–10 cm was also greater with vetch than with rye in no-till, greater with vetch/rye than with rye and weeds in strip till, and greater with vetch than with rye and weeds in chisel till. In 2000, cotton lint yield and N uptake were greater in no-till with rye or 60 kg N ha⁻¹ than in other treatments, but biomass (stems + leaves) yield and N uptake were greater with vetch and vetch/rye than with rye or weeds, and greater with 60 and 120 than with 0 kg N ha⁻¹. In 2001, sorghum grain yield, biomass yield, and N uptake were greater in strip till and chisel till than in no-till, and greater in vetch and vetch/rye with or without N than in rye and weeds with 0 or 65 kg N ha⁻¹. In 2002, cotton lint yield and N uptake were greater in chisel till, rye and weeds with 0 or 60 kg N ha⁻¹ than in other treatments, but biomass N uptake was greater in vetch/rye with 60 kg N ha⁻¹ than in rye and weeds with 0 or 60 kg N ha⁻¹. Increased N supplied by hairy vetch or 120–130 kg N ha⁻¹ increased soil N availability, sorghum grain yield, cotton and sorghum biomass yields, and N uptake but decreased cotton lint yield and lint N uptake compared with rye, weeds or 0 kg N ha⁻¹. Cotton and sorghum yields and N uptake can be optimized and potentials for soil erosion and N leaching can be reduced by using conservation tillage, such as no-till or strip till, with vetch/rye biculture cover crop and 60–65 kg N ha⁻¹. The results can be applied in regions where cover crops can be grown in the winter to reduce soil erosion and N leaching and where tillage intensity and N fertilization rates can be minimized to reduce the costs of energy requirement for tillage and N fertilization while optimizing crop production.     

Screening sorghum genotypes for salinity tolerant biomass production

Genetic improvement of salt tolerance is of high importance due to the extent and the constant increase in salt affected areas. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] has been considered relatively more salt tolerant than maize and has the potential as a grain and fodder crop for salt affected areas. One hundred sorghum genotypes were screened for salinity tolerance in pots containing Alfisol and initially irrigated with a 250-mM NaCl solution in a randomized block design with three replications. Subsequently 46 selected genotypes were assessed in a second trial to confirm their responses to salinity. Substantial variation in shoot biomass ratio was identified among the genotypes. The performance of genotypes was consistent across experiments. Seven salinity tolerant and ten salinity sensitive genotypes are reported. Relative shoot lengths of seedlings were genetically correlated to the shoot biomass ratios at all stages of sampling though the relationships were not close enough to use the trait as a selection criterion. In general, the whole-plant tolerance to salinity resulted in reduced shoot Na⁺ concentration. The K⁺/Na⁺ and Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratios were also positively related to tolerance but with a lesser r ². Therefore, it is concluded that genotypic diversity exists for salt tolerance biomass production and that Na⁺ exclusion from the shoot may be a major mechanism involved in that tolerance.     

Response of Sorghum to Abiotic Stresses: A Review

Sorghum [(Sorghum bicolor L.) Moench] is a highly productive crop plant, which can be used for alternative energy resource, human food, livestock feed or industrial purposes. The biomass of sorghum can be utilized as solid fuel via thermochemical routes or as a carbohydrate substrate via fermentation processes. The plant has a great adaptation potential to drought, high salinity and high temperature, which are important characteristics of genotypes growing in extreme environments. However, the climate change in the 21st century may bring about new challenges in the cultivated areas. In this review, we summarize the most recent literature about the responses of sorghum to the most important abiotic stresses: nutrient deficiency, aluminium stress, drought, high salinity, waterlogging or temperature stress the plants have to cope with during cultivation. The advanced molecular and system biological tools provide new opportunities for breeders to select stress‐tolerant and high‐yielding cultivars.     

农杆菌介导高粱遗传转化的相关因素优化

为建立一个稳定的高粱遗传转化体系,以高粱RHMC品种为试验材料,采用内含有P ^CAMBIA3301质粒载体的根癌农杆菌EHA105介导的方法研究了高粱遗传转化的相关因素。结果表明,外植体预培养2d,GUS表达效果最好;在侵染液和共培养基中加入200μmol/L乙酰丁香酮时,GUS表达效果最好;侵染液浓度OD₆₀₀值的适宜范围为0.8~1.0;农杆菌侵染愈伤组织的适宜时间为5~10min;共培养的适宜时间为2d。初步建立了一套高粱遗传转化体系,为今后高粱转化提供一些参考。     

种植密度对适宜机械化栽培高粱品种产量及生理特性的影响

以适宜机械化种植的高粱品种辽杂37和晋杂34为试验材料,分别对6个密度处理的产量、产量构成因素、叶面积指数、叶绿素含量、光合速率及群体透光率进行了测定与分析。结果表明：辽杂37和晋杂34均在密度为13.5万株/hm ²时产量最高,分别可达10 551.0和10 324.5kg/hm ²。其中辽杂37在12.0万~15.0万株/hm ²、晋杂34在12.0万~13.5万株/hm ²密度时穗数、穗粒数和穗粒重协调效果较好,可保持较高产量水平。当密度达到15.0万株/hm ²时,随着密度的继续增加将导致群体光合速率和透光率大幅度下降,影响干物质积累和产量形成。     

Cold tolerance during juvenile development in sorghum: a comparative analysis by genomewide association and linkage mapping

Improved cold tolerance during the juvenile phase is a major breeding goal to develop new sorghum cultivars suitable as an alternative energy crop in temperate regions. The objectives of this study were to identify marker‐trait associations for cold tolerance in a sorghum diversity panel fingerprinted with 2620 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) in two F_2:3 populations. Traits of interest were dry matter growth rate (DMGR), leaf appearance rate (LAR), chlorophyll content (SPAD) and chlorophyll fluorescence (F_v′/F_m′ and Ф_PSII) in relation to temperature. The association panel comprised 194 genotypes, while the F_2:3 populations consisted of 80 and 92 genotypes. All populations were tested under controlled conditions in a minimum of four temperature regimes ranging from 9.4°C to 20.8°C. QTL were identified for means across environments and regression parameters describing temperature effects. Several marker‐trait associations for mean (m) DMGR, base temperature (T_b) of SPAD and Ф_PSII and temperature effect on LAR were validated by QTL detected in population 1 or 2. Promising QTL regions were found on chromosomes SBI‐01, SBI‐02, SBI‐03, SBI‐04, SBI‐06 and SBI‐09, among them genomic regions where candidate genes involved in the C‐repeat binding pathway or encoding cold‐shock proteins are located.     

高粱耐逆基因SbALDH7的克隆与表达分析

旨在研究高粱(Sorghum bicolor)中的醛脱氢酶基因SbALDH7的序列信息和表达分析。通过PCR和RT-PCR方法,从高粱中克隆SbALDH7基因及其cDNA全长序列。通过网络软件,聚类分析SbALDH7的序列特征,利用半定量RT-PCR,研究其在不同组织和胁迫条件下的表达谱。结果表明：SbALDH7基因含13个内含子,共编码509个氨基酸,其编码的氨基酸序列具有典型的ALDH7结构域特征。SbALDH7的表达受到PEG、Nacl、ABA和低温等胁迫环境诱导上调。组织特异性表达分析显示,在PEG渗透胁迫环境下,SbALDH7在茎、叶中的表达量显著高于根中的表达量。抗旱性有显著差异的6个高粱品种的SbALDH7蛋白序列无差异,但高粱品种的苗期抗性与SbALDH7的表达量间存在显著的正相关,表明SbALDH7的表达对高粱的抗旱性可能起着重要的作用。SbALDH7具备醛脱氢酶家族蛋白典型结构特征,在高粱抗逆过程中起重要作用,可作为提高高粱抗旱耐盐的靶基因应用于作物遗传改良。