Amelioration of a highly degraded tropical alfisol by planting I. Changes in soil physical and chemical properties 1989-91

This paper examines soil amelioration by planting 15 leguminous and graminaceous plant species, including herbaceous annuals, perennials and biennials, and woody perennials and biennials. Disturbed and undisturbed natural regrowth were planted with leguminous species, in some cases with fertilizer applied at planting (400 kg ha⁻¹ of 15:15:15 NPK). The studies were made on two highly degraded sites in southwestern Nigeria which had been subjected to intensive mechanized cropping for a period of 10 years. Changes in soil physical and chemical properties were monitored from 1989 to 1991. Acacia difficilis, Brachiaria lata and Mucuna utilis had the lowest survival rates by the following growing season. Soil fertility and compaction levels differed between sites. Planting had no effect on the latter. The decreases in compaction (i.e. macroporosity) between 0.00 and 0.10 m depth at both sites one month before and five and 17 months after planting were 43, 59 and 61 per cent, respectively were attributed to exclusion of heavy machinery from the sites. Large decreases in fertility occurred at both sites and were attributed to a combination of nutrient extraction and to leaching. Between fallow species, exchangeable Ca, pH and the cation-exchange capacity (CEC) were greater and total acids lower for herbaceous cover compared with woody perennials, and was attributed to a higher Ca demand by the latter. Highest and lowest values of Ca, CEC and pH occurred in plots where plant material was returned to the soil (i.e. by cutting or die-back) and in cropped plots, respectively. Natural regrowth was as effective or better than planted species in improving soil physical and chemical properties. Therefore the use of exotic plant species for ameliorating highly degraded alfisols is unnecessary. Amelioration of highly degraded alfisols may be best effected by allowing natural regrowth to occur while excluding all mechanized traffic from the site.     

河北省土壤水资源划区探讨

综述了土壤水和土壤水资源的概念以及土壤水资源划区的意义,以土壤的地带性规律为基础,与农业综合区划相协调并保持乡级行政区界的完整性为划区原则,提出了河北省土壤水资源的划区方案.即河北省土壤水资源分为区、亚区和片3级,共划分为7个土壤水资源区、14个土壤水资源亚区和28个土壤水资源片.     

Effects of dietary lipids on body composition and liver function in juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of dietary lipids on body composition and liver function in juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Diets were formulated to contain 40% crude protein from solvent-extracted menhaden fish meal and 0, 7, 14 or 21% lipid from menhaden fish oil. The basal diet, without supplemental fish oil, contained lipid at 0.4% of dry weight. The diets were fed to groups of 25 juvenile red drum initially averaging 7.3 ± 0.18 g fish^–1 in a recirculating culture system for 8 weeks and weight gain was recorded. After an additional 8 weeks, 16 fish from each treatment were sacrificed and the following measurements were recorded: hepatosomatic index (HSI), intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio, and liver -tocopherol, malondialdehyde (MDA) formation, and cytochrome P-4501A activity (measured as 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity). The activity of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases and concentrations of -tocopherol also were measured in plasma.Weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) affected by dietary lipid concentration, with values ranging from 361% of initial weight for fish fed the basal diet to 527% of initial weight for fish fed the diet containing 7% lipid. The HSI and IPF ratio values also were significantly affected by lipid with the lowest values recorded for fish fed the basal diet and the highest values observed in fish fed the diet containing 21% lipid. Increasing dietary lipid significantly increased oxidative stress as reflected in reduced -tocopherol in liver and plasma and increased MDA formation in the liver, although no overt pathological signs were observed. These findings suggest that lipid concentrations between 7 and 14%, when the diet contains 60 IU vitamin E kg^–1, are likely to limit oxidative stress and result in normal physiological responses of red drum.     

Shrimp and fish pond soils: processes and management

The pond bottom soil and the accumulated sediments are integral parts of ponds. Concentrations of nutrients, organic matter and microorganism density in the pond bottom are several orders of magnitude greater than in the water. The accumulation of organic sediments may limit pond intensification. The intensive organic matter degradation at the pond bottom and high sediment oxygen demand exceeds the oxygen renewal rate. This leads to the development of anoxic conditions in the sediments and at the sediment–water interface. A series of anaerobic processes, affected by the redox potential of the system, are taking place. A large number of potentially toxic materials are generated. Among those are organic acids, reduced organic sulfur compounds, reduced manganese and sulfides.

Shrimp, as animals that normally live on or near the bottom, are exposed to conditions on the pond bottom. Exposure to toxic materials endanger the well being of the cultured shrimp. Reduced feeding, slower growth, mortality and possibly higher sensitivity to disease are reported.

The rational use of aerators to minimize the area of sludge accumulation, construction of ponds to trap sludge, stirring sediments, chemical poising of the redox system and environmentally accepted treatment and reuse of drained sediments are means to control the conditions at the pond bottom.     

CYP2J3样基因在不同生长速率凡纳滨对虾中的差异表达

为了获得对虾生长差异的分子机制,通过比较不同生长速率凡纳滨对虾的转录组(速长组和慢长组),获得了一条编码P450的差异表达基因,经过cDNA全长验证后命名为LvCYP2J3-like,其开放阅读框为1 488 bp,编码495个aa,含有一个完整的P450功能域,功能分析表明,该基因可能参与了蜕皮激素的灭活。方差分析表明,LvCYP2J3-like在不同组织、发育阶段和蜕皮周期的表达量都存在显著性差异,并且速长群体的表达量显著性低于慢长群体。表明该基因参与了发育和蜕皮过程,其表达量与环境胁迫关系密切。在LvCYP2J3-like和其预测转录因子基因中分别发现了4和11个速长组和慢长组等位基因频率显著差异的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)标记,说明这些基因遗传差异与其活性和表达量相关,从而影响生长速率。研究结果为凡纳滨对虾遗传和育种研究提供了参考资料。     

草皮生产对土壤性质及氮磷钾吸附与解吸的影响

为充分阐明草皮生产对其生产基地土壤质量的影响,对长春市二道区朝阳沟草皮基地连续草皮生产7年土壤;哈尔滨市松北区乐业镇魏家屯连续草皮生产8年土壤40个样本进行了土壤性质测试分析与探讨。结果表明：连续7、8年草皮生产后,其基地土壤比表面增加;微团聚体组成中,〈0.001 mm,0.001～0.005 mm粒级均增加,0.01～0.05 mm粒级均降低。pH值、CEC（阳离子交换量）、EC（电导率）变幅不大;有机质含量降低,降低幅度达20.00%以上。土壤腐殖质的胡敏酸碳/富里酸碳（HA/FA）比降低。土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量均降低,以磷、钾含量降低幅度较大,分别高达80.00%、65.00%以上。提高了外源施入氮、磷、钾素的吸附能力,降低其释放能力,特别是磷、钾素。调查结果,表明连续7、8年草皮生产对土壤物理性质及土壤肥力造成严重破坏。     

牧场土壤含水率与坚实度空间变异与相关性分

利用土壤水分/圆锥指数复合测量装置,应用精细农作技术体系网格定点测量与GPS定位,在一块面积约1.27 hm2的草地上获取了土壤含水率与坚实度空间分布基础数据,并针对采样过程中出现的数据缺失,用偏最小二乘法对数据进行修补.然后运用克里格插值法进行数字化成图,并在此基础上分别对含水率与坚实度的空间变异性及两者的相关性做了分析.     

水稻种绳直播机对地表不平度的动态响

为了探索水稻种绳直播机对地表不平度激励的适应性,进行了动态模拟试验.根据样机的结构特点,设计了由角位移传感器、数据采集卡和计算机等构成的地表不平度检测系统.检测了由旋耕形成的原始地表不平度和经过种绳直播机作业后形成的地表不平度,应用Matlab软件对信号进行了时域和频域分析.应用等同法建立了系统的传递函数,分析了系统的动态特性.研究结果表明,由种绳直播机和土壤等构成的土壤-机器系统是一个具有一阶惯性特征的线性系统.系统的响应速度、频带宽度和覆土厚度等性能指标能够满足农业技术要求.     

膜荚黄芪繁殖系统的研究

观察膜荚黄芪的花部特征,用亚甲基兰法测定花粉活力变化,用联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定了其柱头的可授性,并用杂交指数（OCI）、花粉-胚珠比（P／O）方法测定了其有性繁育系统类型。结果表明,从开花当日开始,花粉活力不断下降,在开花后五天,花粉活力几乎为零。在花后1天柱头有较高的可授性,花后4天失去可授性。膜荚黄芪的杂交指数（OCI）=3,繁育系统为自交亲和,有时需要传粉者;花粉-胚珠比（P／O）=3850-4300,为专性异交。     

麦田土壤微生物三大种群数量的研究

为了了解山西晋中地区麦田土壤微生物的种群分布，为当地作物生产和土壤改良提供理论依据，分析了不同质地、不同肥力以及不同种植结构土壤中微生物的分布情况。结果表明，麦田土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌垂直分布随深度增加而呈指数递减模型，其中细菌数量最多，垂直递减陡度大，呈三级递减；而真菌、放线菌分布密集于土壤根层0～20cm处,20cm以下急剧减少，且有中途数量回升的现象。三大菌群垂直递减与小麦根系干重递减的相关系数是0．957^**，0．990^**，0．996^**。麦田土壤肥力与三大微生物数量呈正相关。壤土地微生物数量较多，塿土地微生物数量较少，沙土地微生物数量最少；小麦不同品种根区微生物差异亦较显著。小麦与苜蓿、豌豆、油菜混播可极大地提高土壤微生物种群数量。