试论青海省草业技术推广

草业既是一个科技含量较高的产业,又是一个劳动密集型产业。进入新世纪以来,在草业越来越被人们重视的时候,经济发展相对滞后的青海省草业技术推广工作机遇与挑战同在。因此,要进一步强化自身建设,充分发挥自己的优势,为振兴草业做出贡献。     

宁南霉素防治烟草花叶病毒病应用技术研究及示范推广

针对制约大理州烟草产量和品质提高的主要因素——烟草花叶病毒病,１９９３～１９９６年筛选菌毒清、８３增抗剂、病毒Ａ、植病灵等多种抗病毒剂及宁南霉素等药剂。试验结果表明,２％宁南霉素７５ｍｇ／ｋｇ对烟草花叶病毒病大田防效在７０％以上,优于其他抗病毒剂,且对烟草具有明显的刺激生长作用,明显提高烟叶质量和产量。１９９５～１９９８年累计应用宁南毒素４０多ｔ,面积约１．７３万ｈｍ２,取得较好经济、社会和生态效益。     

Pericarp total protein profiles as molecular markers of tomato fruit quality traits in two segregating populations

The tomato fruit quality results of biochemical and physiological changes that occur during the ripening process. Although, the pericarp total protein profiles are less polymorphic than DNA-based markers the polymorphism in those could be directly associated with fruit quality traits. The aim of this work was to identify associations between polymorphic polypeptides from fruit pericarp at two ripening stages and fruit quality traits evaluated in two segregating populations of tomato. A cross between a normal ripening cultivar of Solanum lycopersicum (C, Caimanta) and a genotype carrying the nor (non ripening) gene (N) as well as a cross between Caimanta and a cherry type tomato of S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme (Ce) showed genetic variance for several fruit quality traits such as fruit weight, shape, solids soluble content, acidity, color and fruit shelf life. The quantitative variations observed at phenotypic level had correspondence with the polymorphism detected in the protein profiles. Indeed, the polymophic polypeptides associated with quality fruit traits and fruit shelf life would be useful to assist tomato breeding programs as protein molecular markers.     

铜仁市密集烤房散叶堆积烘烤技术推广

为实现传统烟草农业向现代烟草农业的转变,满足不断提升的规模化种植水平需求,解决制约铜仁市烟叶质量持续提升的烘烤问题,散叶堆积烘烤,是提升中、上部烟叶烘烤质量最行之有效的新技术.具有烤出烟叶成熟特征明显、颜色均匀而鲜亮、减少挂灰和微青烟、单叶重增加、编烟下烟劳力减少、提高装烟量而增加烘烤面积等优点.为此,铜仁市在原有密集烤房配套散叶设备基础上,新（改）建大卧密集烤房增加散叶烘烤设备,实施散叶烘烤,全面提升烟叶烘烤质量,实现烤烟生产持续、稳定、健康发展.     

Effects of ultrasound and high pressure argon on physico-chemical properties of white mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) during postharvest storage

Effects of high pressure argon (H), ultrasound (U) and their combination treatments (UH) on physico-chemical characteristics of white mushrooms were studied during 9 d of postharvest storage at 4 °C. H treated samples exhibited the smallest weight loss and respiration rate compared to all other samples. Mass losses after 9 d of storage were 3.01%, 5.09%, 5.39% and 9.59% for H, UH, U and untreated mushrooms, respectively. Furthermore, U treated samples showed lower polyphenol oxidase activity (PPO, E.C. 1.14.18.1) during storage while UH treated samples showed a slight increase in antioxidant capacity during storage and also experienced reduced mass loss and respiration rate. In addition, treated samples were effective in retaining mushrooms colour changes compared to control. Physico-chemical properties of differently treated mushrooms (UH, H and U) stored at 4 °C were significantly different (p < 0.05) from control.     

Cytokinin and gibberellin delay regreening of spathe tissue of Zantedeschia ‘Best Gold’

Spathe regreening is a primary determinant limiting the postharvest quality for most hybrids of Zantedeschia, e.g. ‘Best Gold’, wherein the spathe commences regreening approximately two days after it is fully open. To identify an effective method to postpone the regreening, several synthetic plant hormones were evaluated for their influence on changes in color during regreening of discs excised from the spathe of ‘Best Gold’. The tested synthetic plant hormones included 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), zeatin, N₁-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N₃-phenylurea (CPPU) and GA₃ at concentrations up to 0.1 mM. A concentration of BAP at 0.5 mM resulted in phytotoxicity symptoms on discs. Subsequently, the effect of a combination of BAP and GA₃ on the regreening was examined. Application of the cytokinins (in particular BAP at 0.1 mM) or GA₃ alone resulted in a one to five day delay in regreening on the spathe tissue. The most effective treatment in delaying regreening was from the simultaneous application of GA₃ and BAP in a ratio of 1:1 (v:v) at 0.1 mM, wherein regreening was delayed for more than ten days. This treatment was then tested on the entire inflorescence, resulting in a delay in regreening for between seven and eight days.     

水产食品特定腐败菌与货架期的预测和延长

Fresh fish and lightly preserved fish products are welcome by the global market, however, they are also among the most perishable food products. The research on specific spoilage organisms (SSO) reveals the spoilage process of aquatic product. This paper reviews the current knowledge (past ten years) on SSO of fresh fish and lightly preserved fish products with particular emphasis on characteristics of SSO and how to apply this concept to determine, predict and extend the shelf life of aquatic product. During storage, the microflora changes owing to different abilities of the microorganisms to tolerate the preservation conditions. SSO is defined as special microorganisms which can increase rapidly during preservation and has the ability to produce off- odours and off- flavours associated with spoilage, and spoilage metabolites. Identification of an SSO relies on comparison of the sensory and chemical characteristics of spoiled product with those of isolates from the spoilage microflora. Generally, the SSO of fresh fish may be a single species or genus, but the ones of lightly preserved fish products will be more complex. One exciting area for use of SSO aims to obtain quantitative knowledge about probable behavior of SSO and their function during the progression of spoilage. Thus mathematical models on the growth of SSO are established to evaluate the quality lost degree of product, which provide a sound information for the rational development of devices to monitor loss of products shelf life. Models for the growth of Pseudomonas spp, S. putrefaciens, P. phosphoreum have been established, and validated for shelf life prediction of seafood successfully. Another application field of SSO intends to develop the techniques to prolong the shelf life of food products by inhibiting SSO targetedly. Targeted inhibition of spoilage bacteria during preservation reduces their growth and results in a significant extension of shelf life in despite of the activity of non - spoilage organisms has not been influenced. Such techniques have been applied in perversion field of fresh fish and lightly preserved fish.     

不同寄主植物对异迟眼蕈蚊生长发育和繁殖的影响

异迟眼蕈蚊为害植物地下部分,造成韭菜、大葱、百合、蒜等作物的严重减产。研究异迟眼蕈蚊在不同寄主植物间的生长发育及繁殖规律,可为其预测预报及防治提供科学佐证。本研究在(25±1)℃、弱光照射(251.2lx)、相对湿度80%±5%的人工气候箱内,分别选用寄主植物韭菜、大葱、百合、蒜(蒜瓣和蒜茎),组建了异迟眼蕈蚊取食不同寄主植物的生命表,统计出了种群内禀增长率(rm)、净增殖率(R0)、平均世代周期(T)、种群加倍时间(t)和周限增长率(λ)等种群动态参数。结果表明,卵的发育历期在韭菜上最短(3.49d),在蒜瓣上最长(4.91d)。取食韭菜和大葱的幼虫发育历期最短,而取食百合的幼虫发育历期最长。蛹的发育历期在韭菜上最短(2.95d),在百合上最长(4.05d)。寄主植物对异迟眼蕈蚊卵的孵化率和蛹的存活率影响不显著,但显著影响幼虫的存活率。幼虫的存活率在韭菜上最高(76.7%),蒜瓣上最低(30%)。在韭菜、百合、大葱、蒜瓣和蒜茎上的单雌平均产卵量分别为91.98、52.14、85.48、73.91、72.96粒。异迟眼蕈蚊在韭菜上的种群净增殖率(R0)、内禀增长率(rm)和周限增长率(λ)最高,平均世代周期(T)、种群加倍时间(t)最短。异迟眼蕈蚊在韭菜上的适应度和嗜食性最好,繁殖速度最快。     

中国棕榈藤业的能力建设

阐述了中国棕榈藤业在国际贸易、组织机构、科研知识、种质资源收集保存和知识传播等方面的建设成绩,分析仍然存在的问题并提出增强产品设计和创新竞争力、稳定国际市场、开拓国内市场、建立棕榈藤种植补偿机制等建议。     

可拓工程方法在储粮害虫分类识别中的应用研究

利用图像识别储粮害虫过程中，需解决多种害虫的多特征参数和混和度大的分类识别问题。该文提出应用可拓工程方法，构造储粮害虫特征数据的标准物元矩阵与节域物元矩阵,计算待测粮虫与各类害虫的关联度，以关联度的大小对储粮害虫进行分类判别，程序计算结果表明，该方法可行有效。可拓工程方法应用在储粮害虫分类识别上有应用价值。