基于多重分形的半干旱区农田表层土壤粒径分布特征研究

为探明农田因管理方式不同而导致的土壤粒径分布(PSD)差异,在阴山北麓农牧交错区选择典型莜麦留茬地、翻耕耙平地、翻耕不耙平地进行了研究。试验选择表层0~10 cm土壤为研究对象,运用多重分形理论分析探讨不同管理方式下土壤颗粒的分布特征及差异。研究结果表明:不同管理方式下研究区土壤颗粒组成中黏粒含量均极低,翻耕不耙平地和莜麦留茬地以粉粒和细砂为主,翻耕耙平地以粉粒和极细砂为主;广义维数谱D(q)为反"S"型递减函数,且D_0D_1D_2,多重分形谱f(q)为左勾状单峰曲线,?α值在2.405~2.596,非均一性高,可用多重分形来表征土壤PSD特征;多重分形参数D_1、D_2同黏粒含量呈显著正相关关系,D_0/D_1与粉粒呈显著正相关关系,与砂粒成负相关关系,?f反之;管理方式对土壤PSD及多重分形参数D_0、?α、?f有显著影响(P0.05),对D_1、D_1/D_0、D_2、α0影响不显著。根据试验结果,建议当地农田在生产后进行留茬或秸秆覆盖处理,结合当地主风向选择适宜翻耕方式。     

垄沟覆膜集雨对马铃薯产量及水分和氮肥利用的影响

通过大田试验,以马铃薯为供试作物,研究了垄沟覆膜集雨对水分和氮肥利用率的影响,结果表明:在施肥条件下,垄沟覆膜集雨处理的马铃薯产量分别比土垄集雨和裸地平作提高126.8%和277.2%,水分利用效率提高127.4%和252.1%,氮肥利用率提高8.82和16.47个百分点;在不施肥条件下,垄沟覆膜集雨处理的马铃薯产量分别比土垄集雨和裸地平作提高153.2%和195.9%,水分利用效率提高168.5%和184.3%。     

黄土高原半干旱区农田干旱防御与抗旱措施

系统分析农田抗旱管理与相应措施对黄土高原半干旱区社会和经济的协调健康发展以及粮食安全具有重要意义。黄土高原半干旱区干旱发生的特点决定了农田抗旱管理的复杂性和艰巨性。论文阐述了农田抗旱管理中防、抗与避三种措施的主要内容,并就农田抗旱管理系统进行了介绍。认为通过建立完善的农业技术推广服务体系和针对地区特点的抗旱管理措施,是半干旱区农业可持续发展一项重要而积极的对策,不仅需要从资金和政策上给予扶持和倾斜,更需要在管理机制上予以重视。     

Response of soil respiration to precipitation during the dry season in two typical forest stands in the forest-grassland transition zone of the Loess Plateau

Forest ecosystems on the Loess Plateau are receiving increasing attention for their special importance in carbon fixation and conservation of soil and water in the region. Soil respiration was investigated in two typical forest stands of the forest-grassland transition zone in the region, an exotic black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) plantation and an indigenous oak (Quercus liaotungensis) forest, in response to rain events (27.7 mm in May 2009 and 19 mm in May 2010) during the early summer dry season. In both ecosystems, precipitation significantly increased soil moisture, decreased soil temperature, and accelerated soil respiration. The peak values of soil respiration were 4.8 and 4.4 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ in the oak plot and the black locust plot, respectively. In the dry period after rainfall, the soil moisture and respiration rate gradually decreased and the soil temperature increased. Soil respiration rate in black locust stand was consistently less than that in oak stand, being consistent with the differences in C, N contents and fine root mass on the forest floor and in soil between the two stands. However, root respiration (R_r) per unit fine root mass and microbial respiration (R_m) per unit the amount of soil organic matter were higher in black locust stand than in oak stand. Respiration by root rhizosphere in black locust stand was the dominant component resulting in total respiration changes, whereas respiration by roots and soil microbes contributed equally in oak stand. Soil respiration in the black locust plantation showed higher sensitivity to precipitation than that in the oak forest.     

Elevated CO2, but not defoliation, enhances N cycling and increases short-term soil N immobilization regardless of N addition in a semiarid grassland

Elevated CO₂ and defoliation effects on nitrogen (N) cycling in rangeland soils remain poorly understood. Here we tested whether effects of elevated CO₂ (720 μl L⁻¹) and defoliation (clipping to 2.5 cm height) on N cycling depended on soil N availability (addition of 1 vs. 11 g N m⁻²) in intact mesocosms extracted from a semiarid grassland. Mesocosms were kept inside growth chambers for one growing season, and the experiment was repeated the next year. We added ¹⁵N (1 g m⁻²) to all mesocosms at the start of the growing season. We measured total N and ¹⁵N in plant, soil inorganic, microbial and soil organic pools at different times of the growing season. We combined the plant, soil inorganic, and microbial N pools into one pool (PIM-N pool) to separate biotic + inorganic from abiotic N residing in soil organic matter (SOM). With the ¹⁵N measurements we were then able to calculate transfer rates of N from the active PIM-N pool into SOM (soil N immobilization) and vice versa (soil N mobilization) throughout the growing season. We observed significant interactive effects of elevated CO₂ with N addition and defoliation with N addition on soil N mobilization and immobilization. However, no interactive effects were observed for net transfer rates. Net N transfer from the PIM-N pool into SOM increased under elevated CO₂, but was unaffected by defoliation. Elevated CO₂ and defoliation effects on the net transfer of N into SOM may not depend on soil N availability in semiarid grasslands, but may depend on the balance of root litter production affecting soil N immobilization and root exudation affecting soil N mobilization. We observed no interactive effects of elevated CO₂ with defoliation. We conclude that elevated CO₂, but not defoliation, may limit plant productivity in the long-term through increased soil N immobilization.     

Benefactor and allelopathic shrub species have different effects on the soil microbial community along an environmental severity gradient

Patches where shrubs have either positive or negative effects on their understory plant community are common in arid ecosystems. The intensity and balance of these effects change along environmental severity gradients but, despite the major role of soil microbes in plant interactions, little is known about the differences among soil microbial communities under these species and their possible influence on such contrasting shrub effects. We hypothesized that microbial communities associated to benefactor and allelopathic shrubs would differ among them and that differences would increase with environmental severity. To test these hypotheses we characterized soil microbial biomass, activity and community composition under a benefactor shrub species, Retama sphaerocarpa, an allelopathic shrub species, Thymus hyemalis, and in bare soil among plants (gaps) at three sites along an environmental severity gradient. Shrubs promoted an increase in soil bacterial diversity, being bacterial communities associated to benefactor shrubs, allelopathic shrubs and gaps different in composition. Microbial enzymatic activity and biomass increased under shrubs and under more mesic conditions; nonetheless, they were highest under benefactor shrubs at the most arid site and under allelopathic shrubs at the less severe site. Compared to gaps, the presence of shrubs induced changes in microbial activity and community composition that were larger at the most severe site than at the less severe site. Along the gradient, benefactor shrubs enhanced the abundance of bacterial groups involved in organic matter decomposition and N fixation as well as plant pathogens, which could contribute to Retama's outstanding positive effects on understory plant biomass and diversity. Plant patches mitigate the effects of extreme conditions on associated plant and soil microbial communities and promote soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in arid ecosystems, with shrubs actively selecting for specific microbial groups in their understory.     

Relationships between C and N availability, substrate age, and natural abundance C and N signatures of soil microbial biomass in a semiarid climate

Soil microbial organisms are central to carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) transformations in soils, yet not much is known about the stable isotope composition of these essential regulators of element cycles. We investigated the relationship between C and N availability and stable C and N isotope composition of soil microbial biomass across a three million year old semiarid substrate age gradient in northern Arizona. The δ¹⁵N of soil microbial biomass was on average 7.2‰ higher than that of soil total N for all substrate ages and 1.6‰ higher than that of extractable N, but not significantly different for the youngest and oldest sites. Microbial ¹⁵N enrichment relative to soil extractable and total N was low at the youngest site, increased to a maximum after 55,000 years, and then decreased slightly with age. The degree of ¹⁵N enrichment of microbial biomass correlated negatively with the C:N mass ratio of the soil extractable pool. The δ¹³C signature of soil microbial biomass was 1.4‰ and 4.6‰ enriched relative to that of soil total and extractable pools respectively and showed significant differences between sites. However, microbial ¹³C enrichment was unrelated to measures of C and N availability. Our results confirm that ¹⁵N, but not ¹³C enrichment of soil microbial biomass reflects changes in C and N availability and N processing during long-term ecosystem development.     

Hydraulic conductivity, residue cover and soil surface roughness under different tillage systems in semiarid conditions

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of tillage and cropping system on near-saturated hydraulic conductivity, residue cover and surface roughness to improve soil management for moisture conservation under semiarid Mediterranean conditions. Three tillage systems were compared (subsoil tillage, minimum tillage and no-tillage) under three field situations (continuous crop, fallow and crop after fallow) on two soils (Fluventic Xerochrept and Lithic Xeric Torriorthent). Soil under no-tillage had lower hydraulic conductivity (5.0 cm day⁻¹) than under subsoil tillage (15.5 cm day⁻¹) or minimum tillage (14.3 cm day⁻¹) during 1 of 2 years in continuous crop due to a reduction of soil porosity. Residue cover at sowing was greater under no-tillage (60%) than under subsoil or minimum tillage (<10%) in continuous crop. Under fallow, residue cover was low (10%) at sowing of the following crop for all tillage systems in both soils. Surface roughness increased with tillage, with a high value of 16% and decreasing following rainfall. Under no-tillage, surface roughness was relatively low (3–4%). Greater surface residue cover under no-tillage helped conserve water, despite indications of lower hydraulic conductivity. To overcome the condition of low infiltration and high evaporation when no-till fallow is expected in a cropping sequence, either greater residue production should be planed prior to fallow (e.g. no residue harvest) or surface tillage may be needed during fallow.     

我国北方寒冷半干旱区杨树引种选择及生长量的研究

为了在我国北方寒冷半干旱地区大面积营造杨树速生丰产林，从欧洲和美国的高纬度地区引进４５个杨树无性系，从国内其它省份引进９个无性系，以北京杨做对照，进行引种选择并比较各无性系的生长量。筛选出国外国内杨树无性系２０个，并利用５种聚类方法对各无性系的逐年生长状况进行聚类。划分出：第Ⅰ类有１个无性系，第Ⅱ类包括６个无性系，第Ⅲ类包括１２个无性系，第Ⅳ类包括１个无性系。各类无性系胸径５－１０ａ生长量分别为１     

干旱半干旱区谷子多点试验产量及农艺性状的变化特征

谷子多点试验对鉴定评价谷子的稳产及广适性起着重要作用。通过对甘肃省中东部干旱半干旱区7 a谷子多点试验的产量及农艺性状数据进行统计分析,比较研究其变化特征。结果显示,2011-2017年,甘肃省中东部半干旱区谷子多点试验试点设置数、参试品系数呈逐年增加的趋势,益于筛选出高产、稳产、广适性品系;参试品系产量变幅为69.3～593.4 kg/667m~2,年际内同一试点不同品系间、年际间不同试点同一品系及年际间同一试点同一品系产量均存在较大差异,产量相对稳定品系所占比例低,降雨量、气温与产量的相关分析表明谷子产量变幅较大与其任何一个生育阶段的极端降雨及气温变化密切相关,说明要加强气候变化耐性谷子种质资源的挖掘和创新;株高、主穗长、主穗直径、主茎直径及单株草质量呈"w"型变化特征,单株穗质量、单株粒质量、千粒质量及出谷率呈"∽"型变化特征,而主茎节数变化区间为11～13,呈逐年缓慢下降趋势,说明参试材料的表型选择性改造无特异性,应加强谷子理想株型种质资源的挖掘、利用和创新。