晋北半干旱风沙区长柄扁桃引种试验

在比长柄扁桃种源地更加寒冷、干旱的晋北半干旱风沙区开展长柄扁桃引种试验,结果表明,造林成活率在不浇水条件下达到91. 67%,苗木根系发育良好,新梢生长旺盛,实现了育苗技术本土化。长柄扁桃表现出优良的抗逆性,能够适应晋北半干旱风沙区的气候。     

秸秆微贮饲料养羊效果研究

在饲草资源极度缺乏的宁南偏旱区,利用当地农作物秸秆微贮后喂羊,试期66 d.结果表明,试验组每只羊平均日增重204.55 g,对照组92 .42 g,试验组比对照提高121.33%,差异极显著(P＜0.01),平均每只羊试验组比对照组多收益59.79元,不但解决了当地饲草的紧缺问题,而且提高了养羊业的经济效益.     

Improvement of Wheat Water Use Efficiency in Semiarid Area of China

The greatest fear of global climate change is drought since in most areas where wheat is grownwater is the most important factor influencing wheat yield. Average wheat yield throughout the world is only30 -60% of the attainable yield potential because water shortage is the major factor preventing the realizationof maximum yield. Periods of drought alternating with short periods of available water are common conditionsto influence wheat productivity. Such conditions include variable frequency of dry and wet periods, intensityof drought, rate of drought onset and patterns of soil water deficit and/or atmospheric water deficit. It is thisdeficit and variable water conditions in semiarid environments that influence wheat productivity variously.This paper reviewed the physiological adaptation and benefits associated with deficit and variable water condi-tions. In addition, it also highlights the compensative effect of limited irrigation and breeding of new varietiesfor high water use efficiency (WUE) that could improve wheat productivity under water-limited environmentsin the semiarid regions. Considerable potential for further improvement in wheat WUE and productivity insemiarid environments seems to depend on effective conservation of moisture and effici ent use of this limitedwater such as soil fertility improvement, conservation tillage, residues and film mulch, rain water harvestingfor limited irrigation, and breeding for water saving varieties. Different crop, soil and water managementstrategies should be adjusted according to the conditions that prevail in various semiarid areas. By combiningsoil and water conservation approaches and adjusting the cropping system by growing drought-tolerant and wa-ter-saving cultivars, increase in wheat WUE and productivity could be achieved.     

Productivity and water use of alfalfa and subsequent crops in the semiarid Loess Plateau with different stand ages of alfalfa and crop sequences

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plays an important role in crop–livestock mixed farming on marginal land in the semiarid Loess Plateau. However, the duration, yield performance and water use of long-term alfalfa stands and choice of appropriate subsequent crops are not clear. A 5-year field experiment was conducted at Zhonglianchuan, Gansu Province, China from 2001 to 2005. Productivity and water use were determined and compared between (1) three alfalfa stands that were 1–5 (A1–5), 6–10 (A6–10) and 11–15 (A11–15) years old during the trial; (2) alfalfa using conventional cultivation and a water-harvesting technique (RA1–5); and (3) conventional crop rotation (CK) and four 5-year crop sequence rotations sown after 10-year-old alfalfa had been ploughed, being millet–wheat–potato–pea–potato (MWLPL); millet–corn–corn–wheat–wheat (MCCWW); millet–potato–wheat–corn–corn (MLWCC) and millet–fallow–pea–potato–pea (MFPLP). Forage yield peaked in 7-year-old alfalfa (5740 kg ha⁻¹), but 9-year-old alfalfa had the maximum forage yield profit (4477 kg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) in terms of whole growing years. Soil water use efficiency (WUE_S in terms of forage yield and soil water use) of alfalfa increased dramatically up to the 11th year, and then leveled off from year 12 to 15. Forage yield and WUE_B/ET (WUE in terms of aboveground biomass and evapotranspiration) of alfalfa were significantly higher using water harvesting compared with conventional cultivation, but were significantly lower than CK. Soil water content did not change in CK as stand age increased, but it decreased in conventional alfalfa stands. After 10 years of alfalfa, a fallow year was not necessary before planting annual crops as soil water was greatly restored after sowing subsequent annual crops. Yield of some crops in the four crop sequence rotations did not differ significantly from CK. MWLPL and MLWCC had more aboveground biomass than MCCWW and MFPLP but the choice of crop sequence needs to be further considered.     

Benchmarking sunflower water productivity in semiarid environments

Appropriate benchmarking is essential for evaluating the efficiency with which crops use water and for identifying constraints, other than water, to crop yield. No benchmark exists for sunflower. Boundary and simulation analyses were used to quantify the water productivity of sunflower crops grown in the Western Pampas (semiarid central Argentina). The approach involved the use of a large database (n = 169) collected in farmers’ fields over a period of 4 years, and the application of a crop simulation model in combination with actual weather and soil data. Using field data, an upper bound of 8 kg grain ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ for water productivity, with an apparent seasonal soil evaporation of 75 mm, was defined. Seasonal water supply exceeded maximum expected seasonal crop requirements (ca. 630 mm) for many crops, and a majority of crops with <630 mm of available water during the season had water productivities considerably lower than the upper bound. The field data-based upper bound was indistinguishable from that obtained using yields for a set of 47 simulations using observed initial values for soil water and nitrogen profiles. Simulation confirmed the main features of the boundary-analysis applied to field data, and many simulated crops had yields that fell below the boundary function, even when simulated yield was plotted against simulated seasonal evapotranspiration or transpiration. Long-term (33-year) simulation analyses for two sites showed that most sunflower crops in the area are subjected to episodes of transient and unavoidable water stress after floral initiation. High levels of available soil water at sowing moderate, but in most years do not eliminate, these exposures to water stress. Yield gaps with respect to the boundary function were associated with deficient or excessive rainfall during grain filling, and other, non-water related, factors such as inadequate crop nutrition, biotic stresses, low photothermal quotients during the interval close to anthesis, and lodging. A grain yield/seasonal evapotranspiration plot for a large (n = 154) data set from experiments conducted by others in five separate environments suggests that the boundary function found for the Western Pampas is broadly applicable. Sunflower water productivity, corrected for oil-synthesis costs and seasonal vapour pressure deficit differences, approximates that of winter cereals grown in Mediterranean environments.     

宁南半干旱区灌溉农田高效多熟种植模式研究

针对宁南半干旱区一熟有余、两熟不足的气候条件,在灌溉农田开展了以间作套种为主的高效多熟种植模式试验研究.结果表明,采取立体复合种植,能够有效提高农田第一性生产力和土地利用率,增进光、热、水等农业资源的利用效率,增加农业系统能量产出,提高单位面积经济收入.运用灰色关联分析法对5种间作套种模式和2种单作模式的生产效益综合评价结果,各种植模式的综合效益排序依次为: 马铃薯‖玉米＞小麦/玉米＞豌豆/玉米＞胡麻/甜菜＞玉米单作＞豌豆/向日葵＞小麦单作. 此外,还对不同种植模式的合理运用作了讨论.     

半干旱区耐密稳产玉米品种的评价及筛选

以10个玉米品种为筛选材料,在吉林省西部地区开展耐密稳产玉米品种的筛选。对参选玉米品种在2个密度下的生育进程、植株性状、果穗以及产量性状等进行综合评价。结果表明,适宜的花期和吐丝期间隔,有利于玉米植株的授粉。密度的增加使植株干重显著下降,经济系数变小,植株的空秆率显著升高,植株的株高和穗位高发生变化。随着种植密度的增加,单株籽粒数显著减少,收获时籽粒的含水率显著降低。综合诸多因素,筛选出的耐密稳产玉米品种有吉东59、先玉335、登海605和陕单618。     

Influence of water potential on nitrification and structure of nitrifying bacterial communities in semiarid soils

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between soil water potential, nitrifier community structure and nitrification activity in semiarid soils. Soils were collected after a 5-month dry period (end of summer) and subsequently rewetted to specific water potentials and incubated for 7 days prior to analysis of nitrification activity and nitrifier community structure. The approach used in this study targeted a 491bp segment of the amoA gene which encodes the active site of the ammonia monooxygenase enzyme, which is the key enzyme for all aerobic ammonia oxidisers. amoA serves as a useful target for environmental studies since it is both specific and universal for all ammonia oxidisers and reflects the phylogeny of the ammonia oxidisers. Our results suggest that in semiarid soils water potential plays a key role in determining the structure of ammonia oxidising bacteria (AOB), and that additionally AOB community structure is correlated to potential nitrification rate in these soils.     

Simple estimation of available water capacity in soils of semiarid and subhumid environments

Soil available water capacity (AWC) is an important factor affecting soil productivity in semiarid and subhumid environments and is mainly determined by the soil textural composition. As the soils of these environments usually present fairly uniform textures across depth, we hypothesized that it would be possible to accurately estimate the whole-profile AWC using surface information. Our objective was to test this hypothesis in the Argentine Semiarid Pampas. Information was collected from 152 sites where AWC was measured in 20?cm layers up to a depth of 140?cm or up to the upper limit of the petrocalcic horizon, when present. In each case, whole profile AWC was estimated using a one-step and a two-step approach, comparing multiple regression and artificial neural networks as modeling techniques. Both modeling methods were effective (R²?>?0.76, P?相似文献   

甘肃省干旱半干旱地区降水的研究

本文通过对甘肃省降水资料的具体分析,指出了在干旱、半干旱地区降水的主要特征,如暴雨的特殊性、固体降水与海拔关系、降水量与海拔关系、降水量与作物产量关系等,并对如何提高降水利用率,发展农业生产等问题进行了探讨。