气候变暖对阿勒泰地区春玉米播种期和种植布局的影响

采用阿勒泰地区7个气象站1961—2010年逐日平均气温资料,使用线性趋势分析、累积距平、t检验并基于Kriging插值法,分析近50年日平均气温稳定通过≥10℃的初日、终日、持续日数和积温的时空变化特征,揭示春玉米播种期及种植布局的变化规律。结果表明,阿勒泰地区近50年≥10℃积温呈现初日提前、终日推迟、持续日数延长、积温增加的现象,其倾向率分别为0.3、1.3、1.6 d·10a-1和57.1℃·10a-1,且突变年份均发生在20世纪90年代中期。各县市春玉米播种期提前3~8 d,生长季延长6~11 d。突变前青河东部不能种植春玉米,晚熟品种不能种植或种植风险较大。随着气候不断变暖,春玉米不同熟性品种可种植区逐渐东扩,各县市春玉米在品种熟性上均发生了改变,表现为由不能种植到种植早熟、早熟向中(晚)熟、中晚熟向晚熟品种的变化。     

宁南旱区种植业结构分析与评价

以宁南旱区种植业系统为研究对象,对该区2007—2012年系统生产力与种植业结构和效益进行了动态分析与评价。研究结果表明:粮食作物种植面积稳定在6.19×105~6.29×105hm~(-2)之间;蔬菜面积逐年增加,最大增幅达1.20倍;瓜果类作物面积有所减少,种植业结构由以粮食为主的一元结构逐渐转变为以粮食、油料、蔬菜、其它经济作物为主的多元结构(2012年粮∶经∶饲比例为1∶0.31∶0.12),种植业用地结构渐趋合理。种植业系统生产力明显提高,其中蔬菜产品生产力和经济生产力最高,分别为3.94×104kg·hm~(-2)和1.26×105元·hm~(-2);种植业总产值逐年增加,截止2012年种植业总产值达1.07×1010元,较2007年增加了2.11倍,其中蔬菜产值最高(0.49×1010元),粮食次之(0.34×1010元),油料和瓜果产值较低(0.12×1010元和0.07×1010元),产值结构趋于平衡。总之,宁南旱区经过近年来种植结构的不断优化调整,在调查年度内系统稳定性有所增强,生产效益明显提高。     

疏勒河流域玉门-瓜州盆地地下水化学演化特征

综合运用水文地球化学技术,研究疏勒河流域玉门-瓜州盆地地下水化学特征及演化规律。地下水化学类型从无明显特征逐渐向SO2-4-Na+型水演化。岩盐、芒硝、石膏的溶解对Ca+、Na+、SO2-4及Cl-的影响较大,同时决定着地下水的化学类型。反向阳离子交换对Ca2+、Mg2+的浓度起到了重要作用,芒硝与岩盐溶解的Na+促进了地下水与含水层介质的离子交换,随着交换到水中的Ca2+、Mg2+离子浓度增加,碳酸盐沉淀,HCO-3减少。另外,河水和反硝化作用也对地下水的SO2-4、NO-3和K+的含量有影响。该研究可为采用水化学研究地下水资源属性提供一定的借鉴意义。     

三峡水库城区消落带人工草本植被土壤养分含量研究

为研究三峡水库城区消落带人工植被种植后,经不同淹水时间土壤的化学特性变化规律,及探讨城区消落带植被重建对库区水质的潜在影响,分别对2012年6月、2013年3月、2013年5月、2013年7月、2013年9月城区消落带扁穗牛鞭草(Hc)、狗牙根(Cd)、小巴茅(Ss)和裸地土壤的pH值和养分含量进行了调查研究。结果表明,植被类型对土壤pH值、碱解氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)、全磷(TP)含量有显著影响。综合而言,与裸地相比,人工草本植被土壤pH值和养分含量无显著差异。该区土壤pH值在6.5~8.5间波动。不同淹水时间的城区消落带土壤营养元素含量间存在较大差异。随取样时间的延长,裸地和人工植被土壤pH值、有机质含量呈波动变化。AN含量在2013年3月、2013年9月消落带刚开始落干时较高。然而,AP含量在2012年6月最大,此时,裸地、扁穗牛鞭草、狗牙根、小巴茅土壤AP含量分别为(2.62±0.30),(3.92±0.34),(1.08±0.16),(1.24±0.06) mg/kg。土壤全磷、全钾含量则在研究后期有所增加。研究表明,除地表植被、水文因素外,城市污水排放、强烈人为干扰、地表径流带来的点/面源污染等也影响该城区消落带土壤营养元素含量。对于三峡库区长江重庆主城区河段而言,由人工草本植被构建造成的水体富营养化程度有限。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区人工草地减沙水代价分析

以裸坡农地为对照,根据黄土丘陵沟壑区三大副区人工草地径流小区多年的观测资料,系统分析了黄土丘陵沟壑区人工草地减沙水代价（R_rs）特征及其与各影响因素之间的关系。结果表明:人工草地在不同地区其平均R_rs存在差异,且变化幅度较大,整体上丘陵沟壑第二副区大于第一副区和第三副区;不同牧草轮作下条播草木樨的R_rs最大,较自然草坡高25%,其R_rs表现为:条播草木樨 > 撒播苜蓿 > 草木樨 > 苜蓿 > 自然草坡;草田带状间轮作的R_rs表现为:草木樨/农作物 > 苜蓿/农作物,且草田带状间轮作的R_rs明显高于牧草轮作;人工草地R_rs与汛期降水量、侵蚀模数呈较好的指数反比关系,与最大30 min降雨强度（I₃₀）呈线性反比关系。     

丘陵山区地块尺度耕地社会稳定功能价值测算与提升

在构思地块尺度耕地社会稳定功能价值测算方法,测算调查水田、旱地地块社会稳定功能价值的基础上,识别耕地社会稳定功能价值影响机理,构建耕地社会稳定功能价值提升综合措施体系。结果表明:耕地质量总体较高的水田地块的社会稳定功能价值普遍高于旱地地块,耕地质量越高,越利于耕地社会稳定功能作用的发挥;大多数调查耕地地块社会稳定功能价值内部构成特征均表现为固定资产量所占比重 > 培肥投入折现值所占比重 > 收益损失折现值所占比重,要促进耕地社会稳定功能作用的发挥,关键在于提高决定耕地地块固定资产凝结量的耕地质量水平;3个村耕地社会稳定功能价值均受到耕地地块自然质量条件、水利设施条件、耕作便利性的影响制约,具有价值提升空间;耕地社会稳定功能价值提升应从增加耕地资源数量和提高耕地资源产出能力两个方面综合践行。     

宁波地区抛秧晚稻生长前期主要杂草及生态位分析

为明确晚稻生长前期田间主要杂草群落组成及其生态位,预测除草剂作用下农田杂草群落的演变。采用对角线五点取样法对宁波晚稻田杂草群落开展调查。结果表明本地区晚稻田主要杂草种类有稗(Echinochloa crusgalli)、千金子(Leptochloa chinensis)、耳叶水苋(Ammannia arenaria)、异型莎草(Cyperus difformis)、矮慈姑(Sagittaria pygmaea)、李氏禾(Leersia hexandra Swartz)。计算这些杂草的生态位宽度和生态位重叠值,结果表明稗和千金子的时间、水平生态位宽度均在0.90以上,且二者时间和水平生态位重叠值最大(0.9088、0.8261),说明稗和千金子为晚稻生长前期杂草群落中的优势种群。耳叶水苋时间生态位宽度最低(0.4955),但与稗和千金子水平生态位重叠值较高,分别为0.7201和0.6990。说明耳叶水苋出草较迟,但有着较强竞争优势,忽视对耳叶水苋的防治,将使其成为水稻生长后期杂草群落的优势种群。     

Factors Affecting Adoption of Improved Rice Varieties among Rural Farm Households in Central Nepal

The use of improved high yielding crop varieties is an important avenue for reducing hunger and food insecurity in developing countries. Using cross-sectional data obtained from a survey conducted during 2013 crop season, we performed a probit model(plot-level analysis) to determine the probability of adopting new improved rice varieties(NIRVs) by smallholder farmers particularly from two main agro-ecological regions(hills and tropical plain terai regions) of Central Nepal. The results revealed that education, extension services and seed access play significant roles in adoption decisions.Additionally, farm and field characteristic variables such as farm size, endowment of favorable land type(e.g. lowlands), and animal power(e.g. oxen) are the key factors influencing the probability of adopting NIRVs. The results showed that technology specific variables(e.g. yield potential and acceptability) are significant for explaining adoption behavior, implying that it is important to take farmers' preferences to varietal characteristics into consideration in the design of a research and development program. Given the significant role played by extension and access related variables, increased emphasis on information dissemination, field demonstration, and farmers' participatory research and training programs to popularize new rice varieties and enhance their adoption rate are required. This also suggests that policy intervention should be made on improving the educational status of farming households, and developing programs on varietal package of rice seed which offer farmers a variety of choices among the appropriate pools of germplasm. Such programs ultimately help farmers develop more profit-oriented behavior which are necessary to enhance adoption rate, production and food security in the long run.     

Microclimate and CO2 fluxes on continuous fine days in the Xihu desert wetland,China

The Xihu desert wetland is located in an extremely arid area in Dunhuang,Gansu province of Northwest China.The area is home to an unusual geographic and ecological environment that is considered unique,both in China and the world.Microclimate is not only related to topography,but is also affected by the physical properties of underlying ground surfaces.Microclimate and CO2 flux have different characteristics under different underlying surface conditions.However,until now,few studies have investigated the microclimate characteristics and CO2 flux in this area.The eddy covariance technique(ECT) is a widely used and effective method for studying such factors in different ecosystems.Basing on data from continuous fine days obtained in the Dunhuang Xihu desert wetland between September 2012 and September 2013,this paper discussed and compared the characteristics of daily microclimate variations and CO2 fluxes between the two periods.Results from both years showed that there was a level of turbulent mixing and updraft in the area,and that the turbulent momentum flux was controlled by wind shear under good weather conditions.The horizontal wind velocity,friction wind velocity and vertical wind velocity were commendably consistent with each other.Air temperature in the surface layer followed an initial decreasing trend,followed by an increasing then decreasing trend under similar net radiation conditions.With changes in air temperature,the soil temperature in the surface layer follows a more obvious sinusoidal fluctuation than that in the subsoil.Components of ground surface radiation during the two study periods showed typical diurnal variations.The maximum diurnal absorption of CO2 occurred at around 11:00(Beijing time) in the Xihu desert wetland,and the concentrations of CO2 in both periods gradually decreased with time.This area was therefore considered to act as a carbon sink during the two observation periods.