Genetic diversity of Bangladeshi native chickens based on complete sequence of mitochondrial DNA D-loop region

ABSTRACT

1. The aim of this study was to explore genetic diversity and possible origin of Bangladeshi (BD) native chickens. The complete mtDNA D-loop region was sequenced in 60 chickens representing five populations; naked neck, full feathered, Aseel, Hilly and autosomal dwarf. The 61 reference sequences representing different domestic chicken clades in China, India, Laos, Indonesia, Myanmar, and other Eurasian regions were included. The mtDNA D-loop sequence polymorphism and maternal origin of five BD populations were analysed.

2. A total of 35 polymorphic sites, and 21 haplotypes were detected in 60 mtDNA D-loop sequences. The haplotype and nucleotide diversity of the five populations were 0.921 ± 0.018 and 0.0061 ± 0.0019, respectively. Both mtDNA network and phylogenetic analysis indicated four clades (four haplogroups) in BD populations (21 haplotypes) along with 61 reference haplotypes. Clade E contained the most individuals (20) and haplotypes (11) of BD chickens, followed by clade D (17, 6), clade C (12, 2) and clade F (11, 2), respectively.

3. The higher number of unique haplotypes found in Yunnan, China, suggested that the origin of BD chickens was in this region. The haplotypes from different haplogroups were introduced in Bangladeshi chickens from India, China and Myanmar. The phylogenetic tree showed a close relationship of BD chickens with the clusters from India, China, Myanmar and Laos, and indicated the dispersion of BD chickens from these sources. The phylogenetic information revealed high genetic diversity of BD chickens because of their origin from different lineages with high genetic variation and distance, which was determined from four cluster and neighbour-joining trees.

4. In conclusion, BD populations had high genetic diversity. The mtDNA network profiles and phylogenetic trees showed multiple maternal origins of BD chickens from India, China, Myanmar and Laos.     

甘肃省不同区域人工草地土壤肥力特征研究

以甘肃省不同区域人工草地土壤样品为研究对象,测定12个不同区域[民乐县(ML1、ML2)、安定区(AD)、通渭县(TW1、TW2、TW3、TW4)、宁县(NX1、NX2)、靖远县(JY1、JY2、JY3)]人工草地土壤的pH值、有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效氮、速效钾。结果表明:AD的p H值最大,JY3的pH值最小;TW2有机质含量最高,AD有机质含量最低,TW2较AD提高了78.95%,在TW2种植陇东苜蓿对土壤有机质影响大;TW2、TW3速效氮含量较高,约为AD速效氮含量的3倍,在TW2、TW3种植陇东苜蓿对土壤速效氮影响大;JY2速效钾含量是AD的3倍,TW2速效钾的含量最低,在JY2种植陇东苜蓿对速效钾影响大;ML1、ML2速效磷含量较高,NX1、NX2速效磷含量较小,在NX1、NX2种植陇东苜蓿对土壤速效磷影响小;TW2全氮含量最高,较AD提高了85.07%,在TW2种植陇东苜蓿对土壤全氮影响大。综合分析结果显示,TW2土样的关联度值最大(0.787 9),综合肥力最好,为最优土样;NX2土样的关联度最小(0.500 7),综合肥力最差。     

甘肃荒漠灌区播量和行距对紫花苜蓿营养价值的影响

播量和行距是实现紫花苜蓿高产和优质的重要栽培技术措施。为此,采用裂区设计,以播量(12.0、16.0、20.0、24.0 kg·hm^-2)为主处理,3个等行距(10、15、20 cm)和2个不等行距(60 cm+40 cm间距、60 cm+30 cm间距,60 cm即种植6行,行距10 cm)为副处理,连续3年在甘肃荒漠灌区研究播量和行距对紫花苜蓿叶茎比和营养价值的影响。结果表明,播量和行距对叶茎比无显著影响,对营养价值有一定影响。其中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、钙和磷含量随播量、行距的增加呈先增加后降低趋势,3年平均粗蛋白含量在播量为16.0 kg·hm^-2,行距为20 cm时最高(20.06%),粗脂肪含量在播量为16.0 kg·hm^-2,行距为15 cm时最大(3.42%),钙含量在播量为20.0 kg·hm^-2,行距为20 cm时达到峰值(1.65%),磷含量在播量分别为12.0、16.0和20.0 kg·hm^-2,行距均为20 cm时最高(0.19%);中性、酸性洗涤纤维含量随播量增加呈降低趋势,随行距增加呈增加趋势,且中性洗涤纤维含量在播量为24.0 kg·hm^-2,行距为10 cm时最低(31.74%),酸性洗涤纤维含量在播量为24.0 kg·hm^-2,行距为15 cm时最小(25.64%);相对饲喂价值随播量的增加呈增大趋势,随行距的增加呈先升高后降低趋势,其值在播量为16.0 kg·hm^-2,行距为20 cm时最高(208.64%)。相同播量和行距下,紫花苜蓿营养价值受生长年限的影响。综合分析结果显示,播量为20.0 kg·hm^-2、行距为20 cm是该地区的最佳播量和行距,有利于提高紫花苜蓿的营养价值。     

Response of mountain plovers to plague-driven dynamics of black-tailed prairie dog colonies

Sylvatic plague is a major factor influencing the dynamics of black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies in the western Great Plains. We studied the nesting response of the mountain plover (Charadrius montanus), a grassland bird that nests on prairie dog colonies, to plague-driven dynamics of prairie dog colonies at three sites in the western Great Plains. First, we examined plover nest distribution on colonies that were previously affected by plague, but that had been recovering (expanding) for at least 6 years. Plovers consistently nested in both young (colonized in the past 1–2 years) and old (colonized for 6 or more years) portions of prairie dog colonies in proportion to their availability. Second, we examined changes in plover nest frequency at two sites following plague epizootics, and found that mountain plover nest numbers declined relatively rapidly (≤2 years) on plague-affected colonies. Taken together, our findings indicate that available plover nesting habitat associated with prairie dog colonies closely tracks the area actively occupied by prairie dogs each year. Given the presence of plague throughout most of the mountain plover’s breeding range in the western Great Plains, important factors affecting plover populations likely include landscape features that determine the scale of plague outbreaks, the distance that plovers move in response to changing breeding habitat conditions, and the availability and quality of alternate breeding habitat within the landscape.     

丘陵山区土地整理土方量计算的研究

探讨丘陵山区的土地整理,根据特殊的地理特征,应采取小局部平整方案,并根据该方案推导出土方量的计算公式.并以山东省栖霞市桃村镇土地整理项目为具体案例介绍了土方量计算的详细步骤.     

PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF QUINOLONE RESISTANCE GENES IN PROTEUS SPECIES ISOLATED FROM PET TURTLES

Proteus spp. are widely recognized as opportunistic pathogens causing urinary tract and septic infections in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes and mutations in the quinolone resistance determining region in association with the detection of quinolone susceptibility of 24 strains of pet turtle-borne Proteus spp. Susceptibility of 4 antimicrobials including nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin was examined by disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration test. Six isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid showing either intermediate resistance or resistance to other quinolones. All nalidixic acid, resistant isolates harbored mutations in gyrB (N440T/A401G/Q411S). Two of the isolates had both gyrA (S83I) and parC (S80I) mutations. Twenty-one isolates were positive for the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes; the qnrD gene had the highest prevalence with 19 (79.2%), while qnrS, qnrA, qnrB, and aac(6′), Ib-cr genes were present in 9 (37.5%), 2 (8.3%), 1 (4.2%), and 11 (45.8%) isolates, respectively. These results suggest that pet turtle-associated Proteus spp. should be considered a potential source of antimicrobial resistance determinants.     

蓝狐MITF-M基因序列扩增及生物信息学分析

试验旨在研究蓝狐MITF-M基因核心启动子活性区、转录因子结合位点、基因编码蛋白结构及功能,为探究该基因的表达调控机制提供理论依据。从成年蓝狐背部皮肤组织中采集1 cm×1 cm样品,采用RT-PCR扩增及测序技术首次获得MITF-M基因序列3 880 bp（包括5'侧翼区2 262 bp、CDS区1 260 bp、3'侧翼区358 bp）,编码419个氨基酸残基。生物信息学分析结果显示,蓝狐MITF-M基因5'侧翼区存在潜在的启动子区域（-86~-336 bp）,且发现TATA框、CAAT框、GC框和CRE等调控元件及CREB、LSF和Sp1等多种转录因子。MITF-M基因编码的蛋白是定位于细胞核和细胞质的不稳定、可溶性亲水蛋白质。亚细胞定位结果提示该蛋白在细胞核、细胞质和线粒体的概率较高,分别为65.2%、17.4%和8.7%。DNAMAN软件对MITF-M基因编码蛋白的二级结构预测发现,该蛋白由α螺旋（33.66%）、β折叠（16.66%）和无规卷曲（49.68%）组成,且不存在跨膜区域和信号肽。蓝狐与其他物种MITF-M基因编码的氨基酸序列同源性对比和系统进化树分析均提示蓝狐与犬的遗传亲缘关系最近,与哺乳动物和禽类均具有较高的同源性（>89.1%）,说明MITF-M基因编码区在物种进化过程中较为保守。本研究为深入研究MITF-M基因调控狐狸被毛颜色的分子遗传机制奠定了理论基础。     

家蚕地方品种线粒体基因组A+T丰富区的序列及分子进化分析

为了研究家蚕线粒体基因组A+T丰富区的结构和家蚕品种的进化,用PCR方法扩增了12个家蚕(Bombyxmori)地方品种线粒体基因组A+T丰富区及其侧翼序列,分离纯化后克隆到pMD18-T载体进行测序。序列分析表明,克隆片段长度约1.1 kb,基因排列顺序与C108线粒体相同,依次为12S rRNA基因3′端、A+T丰富区、tRNAMet、tRNAIle、tRNAGln和ND2基因5′端,在tRNAGln和ND2基因之间有47 bp的非编码区。以日本野桑蚕(Bombyxmandarina)为外群,用Phylip软件包构建了基于12个家蚕品种线粒体基因组A+T丰富区序列的NJ进化树。结果显示,甘肃种单独聚为一群,其进化早于其它11个品种聚成的类群,说明甘肃种是供试家蚕品种中进化最早的品种。这一结果在分子水平上为黄河流域是家蚕品种的发祥地之一提供了证据,也进一步支持了家蚕品种的中国起源说。对A+T丰富区及其侧翼基因的结构分析表明,家蚕线粒体12S rRNA和ND2基因都十分保守,14个品种统计只分别发生1个和2个碱基转换;A+T丰富区中(A+T)比例高达94.9%以上,第27 nt开始有1个T-串结构,长度为16~19 bp不等;同时还根据3个tRNA基因的核苷酸序列推定了其二级结构。     

黄河流域三倍体毛白杨区域生态经济发展战略

经过对黄河流域的社会、生态、经济和土地资源的全面考察和对三倍体毛白杨发展现状的分析,提出了绿化黄河、开发黄河三倍体毛白杨区域生态经济的发展战略。在区域生态经济产业化中,制定了以北京原种中心统一集中制种,黄河险工分区育苗,就地造林,定向收购加工利用的产业化模式;在林种结构上以三倍体毛白杨用材林为主,银杏、冬枣经济林为辅,大堤内配置适量的金丝垂柳和刺槐防浪林带,组成多功能、可持续发展的黄河区域生态经济林绿色长城,并带动黄河森林生态旅游和中国黄河历史文化经典旅游业的发展。     

太行山丘陵区旱地棉花综合措施优化组合筛选研究

通过对棉花播期、密度、行距和果枝数的复因子试验以及氮、磷、钾肥的单、复因子试验,确定了太行山丘陵区旱地棉花在干旱气候年型的播期和主要群体结构指标的优化组合,明确了该区旱地棉花氮、磷、钾肥的增产效应及最佳配比,提出了适合该区旱地棉花高产、稳产的技术路线。