陇东旱塬冬小麦复种饲草轮作系统产量和水分利用特征

在陇东黄土高原大田条件下,连续2年研究了冬小麦-饲草复种轮作系统的干物质产量和水分利用,研究采用的处理有:休闲-冬小麦-箭筈豌豆-冬小麦(F-W-V-W),休闲-冬小麦-饲用油菜-冬小麦(F-W-R-W),饲用油菜-冬小麦-箭筈豌豆-冬小麦(R-W-V-W)和饲用油菜-冬小麦-饲用油菜-冬小麦(R-W-R-W)。结果表明:麦茬复种饲草可比麦茬休闲提高系统生产力27%,蛋白质产量增加1100 kg/hm², 同时对后茬冬小麦产量无影响。R-W-R-W模式下干物质产量、粗蛋白产量、干物质水分利用效率和蛋白质水分利用效率均最优,分别为30.68 t/hm²、3.25 t/hm²、7.80 kg/(mm·hm²)和0.92 kg/(mm·hm²)(P<0.05)。复种饲用油菜较箭筈豌豆产量高,有效利用了麦茬后降雨量,但箭筈豌豆粗蛋白含量较饲用油菜高22.4%,因此确定麦茬复种模式则需权衡干物质产量与蛋白质产量的需求。     

An assay for quantitative virulence in Rhynchosporium commune reveals an association between effector genotype and virulence

Detailed knowledge of the evolutionary genetics of virulence is needed to understand and predict host–pathogen dynamics. This study used a virulence assay based on digital image analysis and treated virulence as a quantitative rather than a binary trait. Such quantitative data may better reflect the genetic underpinning of virulence in many pathogen systems and provide better resolution in statistical investigations. A greenhouse experiment based on a common garden design was conducted to measure virulence (% of leaf area covered by lesions) of 126 genetically distinct isolates of the barley scald pathogen, Rhynchosporium commune, originating from nine field populations around the world. Virulence in this pathosystem was found to be a quantitative trait with a continuous distribution in all populations. By comparing population genetic differentiation for virulence and neutral microsatellite markers (i.e. a Q_ST/G_ST comparison), evidence that virulence is under stabilizing selection across populations was found. Heritability values were high and ranged from 0·52 to 0·96 with a mean heritability of 0·84. Virulence was positively correlated with spore production as predicted by the trade‐off theory of virulence evolution. Furthermore, an association analysis between virulence and sequence haplotypes of three known necrosis‐inducing effector genes (NIP1, NIP2 and NIP3) revealed a significant effect of NIP2 haplotypes and NIP1 deletions. Overall, the results support a quantitative model for virulence in the R. commune–barley pathosystem and very high evolutionary potential for this trait.     

白蜡虫种虫生产中“三红三黑”原因研究

长期以来,在白蜡虫种虫生产上经常出现“三红三黑”现象,造成白蜡产量极不稳定。作者经近２０ａ的调查研究认为：白蜡生产出现这一现象,不是干热风,９￣１０月阴雨、雾淞、寄主树不合理利用等因素造成的,而是白蜡虫的天敌昆虫,主要是寄生蜂消长危害结果。白蜡虫的寄生蜂有５科１４种,可在雌雄白蜡虫体内互相寄生,９￣１０月份寄生蜂危害达高峰期,致使大量雌虫死亡变黑;危害轻时,种虫红润,获得丰收。     

克·福·唑酮悬浮种衣剂的液相色谱分析研究

采用液相色谱法 ,对克·福·唑酮悬浮种衣剂进行定量分析。选用苯基柱 ,以甲醇和水为流动相 ,种衣剂中各成分得到较好的分离。方法的标准偏差分析为 0 11、0 0 4和 0 0 5 ,变异系数分别为 0 74、0 37和 0 4 8,回收率分别为 99 6 %～ 10 1 0 %、98 4 %～ 10 0 6 %和 99 7%～ 10 0 3%。     

陇川坝水稻德优8号(香型)品种优质高产栽培技术

通过云南陇川引进水稻德优8号(香型)品种的示范种植,初步提出了德优8号(香型)在陇川坝的优质高产栽培技术措施。     

薄膜扩散梯度（DGT）技术在环境微界面物质运移过程研究中的应用

土壤、沉积物、水体和生物体之间的接触和作用形成了多种环境微界面。这些环境微界面是物质迁移转化的重要场所,而高度时空异质性的界面特征使得对其中化学反应信息的捕捉变得极其复杂且困难。薄膜梯度扩散(DGT)技术以其原位测量元素生物有效态和高空间分辨率等优势,适用于研究化学异质性的界面过程。本文系统总结了DGT技术在环境微界面的物质运移过程研究中的应用现状,包括以下3方面内容:一是一维物质浓度测定;二是二维化学分布成像;三是与薄膜扩散平衡技术(DET)、平衡式孔隙水采样器(Peeper)和平面光极(PO)等技术联用同步获取多种溶质分布信息。现有研究证据表明,DGT适合在亚毫米(几十至几百微米)至毫米尺度研究环境微界面营养盐和污染物运移的生物地球化学过程,并可与其他化学成像技术结合研究物质跨界面运移的驱动因子和动力学特征。最后,在DGT技术发展与应用场景扩展等方面提出了几点展望。     

中国近期耕地资源的变化及其对粮食产能的影响

依据中国近10 a（2000-2008年）耕地资源的变化,分析了粮食综合生产能力的变化及其影响因素,包括耕地面积、粮食播种面积、粮食单产水平和粮食总产量的年际变化率以及四者之间的相关关系。结果表明,耕地面积对粮食产量并无决定性关系,影响我国近期粮食产能的最主要因素是粮食的播种面积和单产水平,两者的年际变化率均与粮食总产量年际变化率呈较强的相关性,变化趋势基本一致。最后基于研究所得出的结论对保护耕地与粮食安全的措施进行了探讨。     

Locomotion Score and Its Impacts on Production Performance and Blood Routine Indexes in Chinese Holstein

To investigate the influencing factors of locomotion score (LS) and its impacts on production performance and blood routine index in Holstein,body condition score (BCS),LS and DHI (dairy herd improvement) of 1 486 lactating cows from two dairy farms,and the blood routine indexes of 101 lactating cows from one farm in Beijing were measured.The fixed model was used to analyze the impacts of herd,parity and lactation stage on LS,and the impacts of LS and BCS on daily milk yield,somatic cell score,milk composition and blood routine indexes in dairy cows.The results showed that both parity and lactation stage had significant impacts on LS.The LS increased with the increase of parit,the LS increased by 0.71 from first lactation to fifth and above lactation.The LS of cow in lactation stage Ⅲ(100-199 d) and Ⅵ (after 350 d) were significantly higher than cow in stage Ⅱ (45-99 d)(P<0.05),and both were higher than 2.The LS had no significant impacts on daily milk yield,milk composition and somatic cell score (P>0.05).However,the milk yield of the cow with LS≥4 was the lowest,and a decrease of 2.29 kg was found compared with the cow with LS=1.Among the various blood routine indexes,LS had significant impacts on red blood cell count,hemoglobin content,mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and lymphocyte count (P<0.05),and had no significant impacts on white blood cell count (P>0.05).With the increase of LS,the red blood cell count,hemoglobin content,mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and lymphocyte count of cows decreased with different extents.There were some problems on the body immunity and hematopoiesis of cows with poor LS.In dairy farm,regular evaluation of LS could be used to find the management problems of feet and legs,which had a great significance to reduce the loss of production performance and early culling caused by hoof disease.     

蝴蝶兰快速繁殖技术的研究

[目的]对蝴蝶兰种子诱导原球茎和芽苗再生的条件进行研究。[方法]建立蝴蝶兰种子无菌播种高效萌发体系,以及原球茎诱导和芽苗再生的培养体系,对其各生长阶段的培养基以及所添加的激素组合及浓度进行选择。[结果]对种子萌发来说,选择授粉后120d未开裂的蝴蝶兰果荚内的种子播种为宜;最适培养基pH值为5．2～5．6。蝴蝶兰种子萌发最适宜的培养基为：花宝1号（300倍稀释）＋3mg／L6-BA4-0．1mg／LNAA＋20g／L蔗糖＋2g／L蛋白胨＋0．2％活性炭＋6g／L琼脂;在此条件下,蝴蝶兰的萌发率最高达65％。培养基中添加活性炭能有效防止蝴蝶兰芽苗的褐化现象．添加蛋白胨能促进蝴蝶兰种子萌发和幼苗的生长。[结论]该方法研究了蝴蝶兰种子诱导原球茎和芽苗再生的培养条件,为蝴蝶兰的种质栽培提供了理论依据。     

杂交旱稻丰产节水栽培关键技术研究与集成应用

针对安徽沿淮地区气候特点,通过试验筛选出适宜沿淮地区旱种旱管栽培,丰产性和稳产性较好的旱稻品种5个,节水耐旱型水稻品种7个;明确了沿淮地区以旱优73为代表的杂交旱稻的丰产节水栽培技术:播种期6月5-12日,播种量2.0 kg/667 m~2左右,氮肥用量10~14 kg/667 m~2;在施肥过程中适当降低基蘖肥用量、增施穗粒肥,基、蘖、穗肥比例以4∶4∶2较好。