The association of culm anatomy with lodging susceptibility in modern spring wheat genotypes

Selection for lodging resistant cultivars in cereal breeding programs is difficult due to the challenge of screening for this trait under natural field conditions. The identification of easily measurable culm traits related to lodging resistance would simplify the selection process. The present study was conducted to determine if differences in culm anatomy exist among modern wheat genotypes differing in lodging susceptibility, and to determine the association between culm characters and lodging. From a 2-year field study conducted in Edmonton, Alberta, 13 spring wheat cultivars were chosen based on predetermined susceptibility to artificially induced lodging. Morphological and anatomical culm measurements were made visually and with an environmental scanning electron microscope. Genotypes differed (P < 0.05) for plant height, number of internodes per culm, basal internode length and diameter, culm wall thickness and the number of vascular bundles, but not for adventitious root frequency, lumen diameter or sclerenchyma ring thickness. Mean genotype field scores for artificially induced lodging were correlated (P < 0.05) with plant height (r= 0.51) and the length of the fourth basal internode (r= 0.51). Short, wide basal internodes and thick culm walls were characteristic of three lodging tolerant genotypes: Kohika, Sapphire and Olso. Nevertheless, despite such apparent genotype specific association between culm anatomy and field lodging, general applicable associations were not observed for most traits. The most practical and easily selectable trait for lodging resistance within a wheat breeding program remains plant height. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

电子流注入水稻幼穗组织培养效应的研究

以两用核不育系新光S幼穗为材料,以γ射线辐照作对照,研究了电子流注入对水稻离体培养的反应。结果表明,电子流注入对离体培养的效应与γ射线辐照具有相似性。对愈伤组织的诱导、分化主要表现为抑制效应,但对植株再生具有促进作用。10～15秒电子流注入可使幼穗的出愈率和分化率保持对照水平或略低,而再生能力大幅度提高。     

Leaf litter decomposition in a chaparral ecosystem, Southern California

Decomposition losses from leaves of three evergreen chaparral species, scrub oak (Quercus dumosa), ceanothus (Ceanothus crassifolius), and manzanita (Arctostaphylos glauca), were quantified over a 2-y field exposure using litterbags. Changes in ash-free dry mass, C, and N were monitored at 2- to 6-month intervals at four replicate sites composed of patches of these three chaparral species. Three proximate C fractions were extracted from fresh and decomposing litter samples: polar and non-polar extractives (EXT), acid-solubles (ACID), and acid-insolubles (KLIG). The chemical structure of fresh and decomposed litter was additionally characterized using high-resolution solid-state ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, while morphological properties were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After 2 y, the litters had lost between 20.7%±1.2 (Ceanothus) and 35.2%±6.8 (Quercus) of their original ash-free dry mass. The manzanita decomposed at a significantly faster rate than the other two litter types during the first few months of field exposure. Yet, after 2 y, mass loss was greater for the oak. Differences in decomposition rates could not be accounted for based on a single litter quality index. Fresh manzanita exhibited a significantly higher N content, which could explain its initially faster decay rate. Fresh oak litter, on the other hand, had a relatively high ACID and O-alkyl C (O-ALK) content, which may have been responsible for its decay pattern. Fresh ceanothus contained a relatively low KLIG content, yet it decomposed more slowly than the two other species. The solid-state ¹³C NMR spectra of the ceanothus litter had two peaks characteristic of proanthocyanidins, which likely contributed to the recalcitrance of this litter type. SEM revealed that ceanothus leaf surfaces were left nearly unchanged after field exposure. In comparison, the oak and manzanita leaf surfaces were pitted and covered by microbial growth to the point of being unrecognizable. Taken together, our results indicate that a combination of biological, physical and chemical factors need to be examined to clarify the different decomposition rates and patterns of these three chaparral species.     

The combined effects of enhanced UV-B radiation and selenium on growth, chlorophyll fluorescence and ultrastructure in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) treated in the field

The possible ameliorative effects of selenium (Se) addition to soil on the detrimental effects of enhanced UV-B radiation were tested on strawberry and barley during 4 months of field experiment in Kuopio, Central Finland. Control plants were exposed to ambient levels of UV radiation, using arrays of unenergized lamps. A control for UV-A radiation was also included in the experiment. Added Se, applied as H₂SeO₄, at the level of 0.1 mg kg⁻¹ soil (low dosage) and 1 mg kg⁻¹ soil (high dosage) increased Se concentrations in plants more than 10 and 100 times, respectively. After 4 months of exposure, strawberry and barley plants were harvested for biomass analysis. Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured using the Hansatech FMS2 fluorescence monitoring system. Leaf anatomy and ultrastructure were observed by light and transmission electron microscope. Several effects of UV and Se as well as their interaction were found, mostly for strawberry, but not for barley, indicating species-specific responses. Our results provided evidence that the high Se concentration in soil had no ameliorative effect but increased the sensitivity of strawberry to enhanced UV-B radiation in the field. Under ambient radiation, Se did not alter leaf growth of strawberry, whereas under UV-B radiation, the high Se addition significantly decreased leaf growth. Strawberry runner biomass was affected by the interaction of Se and UV. Under ambient radiation Se did not change dry weight of runners, but in combination with UV-A or UV-B radiation the high Se dosage decreased dry weight of runners by about 30%. Although the high Se concentration positively influenced on quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) in strawberry leaves, it reduced runner biomass, leaf number and ratio of starch to chloroplast area. This suggests that the harmful effects of the high Se dosage on photosynthetic processes occurred as a result of changes in activity or/and biosynthesis of enzymes, rather than alteration of PSII. At the low concentration, Se effects were slight and variable.Although barley leaves accumulated higher Se concentrations than strawberry, there were no apparent changes in their growth, biomass or chlorophyll fluorescence due to Se effect either alone or in combination with UV-B. However, at the ultrastructural level, an enlargement in the peroxisome area was found due to combination of UV radiation with Se, suggesting the activation of antioxidative enzymes, possibly catalase. Decrease in mitochondrial density in barley cells in response to Se might be attributed to alteration of mitochondrial division. Increase in the proportion of cells with cytoplasmic lipid bodies due to combined effect of UV-B and Se indicated the alteration of lipid metabolism and the acceleration of cell senescence in barley. Main UV-B effects were found, mostly at the tissue and ultrastructural level in strawberry, but not in barley, indicating species-specific susceptibility to enhanced UV-B radiation. UV-B-treated strawberry plants developed marginally thinner leaves with reduced ratio of starch to chloroplast area in their cells, suggesting negative influence of UV-B on photosynthetic processes.     

建兰花叶病毒检测标准方法的建立

经过2004￣2005两年对上海口岸进境和进境后种植的260个兰花品种上建兰花叶病毒(CyMV)检测方法的研究,分别建立了检测和鉴定兰花上建兰花叶病毒的DAS-ELISA、电镜观察、鉴别寄主反应、RT-PCR和IC-RT-PCR的方法。     

5种秋子梨品种的花粉形态观察

应用扫描电子显微镜,对安梨、花盖梨、尖把酸梨、南果梨和磨盘梨5种秋子梨品种的花粉进行了形态观察。结果表明,不同秋子梨品种花粉的外部形态大致相同,均为橄榄形,有3条萌发沟,不同品种的萌发沟宽度存在差异,轴面观主要为三角形与方形2种;不同品种花粉粒的大小差异不大,均为30～50μm;不同品种间花粉壁表面纹饰存在较大的差异,其主要为网脊粗细及其交叉与平行排列的程度不同,其中花盖梨与南果梨网脊主要为平行排列,安梨、尖把酸梨与磨盘梨的网脊走向以交叉为主。此外,不同品种的网孔大小与形态也存在差异。     

苜蓿中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti)的耐酸性研究

用来自酸性土壤上紫花苜蓿根瘤中分离得到的3株能在pH=4.8的YMA固体培养基上正常生长的根瘤菌进行回接试验和生长曲线测定,结果证明,菌株91532耐酸能力高于其余菌珠,并高于国内外已报道过的苜蓿根瘤菌.91532经16SrRNA分析和扫描电子显微镜分析,鉴定为苜蓿中华根瘤菌（Sinorhizobium meliloti）.pH=4.0的质子通量试验中,与酸敏感菌株相比,91532细胞膜具有较强的阻挡质子能力,细胞具有较高的存活率,耐酸能力具有遗传稳定性.     

玉米新不育胞质WBMs小孢子败育的细胞学观察

 利用普通光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜研究了新发现的玉米细胞质雄性不育材料WBMs的小孢子败育过程。观察到Mo17cms-WBMs的小孢子在单核花粉中期以前发育正常，部分小孢子从单核花粉晚期质核出现异常，多数小孢子可正常发育到二核花粉期，随后开始崩溃，形成空瘪皱缩的花粉粒。雄性不育材料WBMs胞质的小孢子败育过程与S组唐徐胞质不育材料类似，败育发生晚，绒毡层等体细胞活动正常，属典型的配子体不育类型。     

金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜在不锈钢表面的形成及其对二氧化氯的敏感性

通过扫描电镜观察和测定生物被膜生长曲线的研究得出 :在不锈钢表面形成的金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜约 6h后进入稳定期 ,培养 5d后其细菌密度达到 3× 10 6cfu·cm-2 ;金黄色葡萄球菌以生物被膜的形式比以浮游形式生长对二氧化氯具有更强的抵抗能力 ;胰酶大豆肉汤 (tryptonesoybroth ,TSB)的营养物质能明显减弱二氧化氯的杀菌效果     

猪附红细胞体病临床快速诊断与治疗方法的研究

根据流行病学调查、临床表现、剖检变化,结合血液压片相衬观察法,对猪附红细胞体病进行临床快速诊断。并对目前治疗猪附红细胞体病的10多种药物进行治疗效果观察,最终筛选出有效药物3种,临床治愈率可达90%以上。