无患子属种质资源种实性状变异及综合评价

【目的】对我国及越南无患子属3种1变种的天然种质资源进行综合评价并定向筛选最优种质,为无患子属良种选育提供理论支撑和选育材料。【方法】基于我国14省(市、自治区)及越南1地区的无患子、川滇无患子、毛瓣无患子及石屏无患子共200份无患子属种质资源,针对20个种实性状,利用相关性、聚类和主成分分析等统计方法,分析种实性状变异,量化评价各种质。【结果】 1)无患子属种实性状变异系数(CV)在5.46%~38.19%,平均变异系数为17.42%,以果皮皂苷质量分数(CV=38.19%)、种仁百粒质量(30.23%)和果皮百粒质量(30.29%)变异较大,果型指数(5.46%)和种型指数(5.70%)变异较小。种实性状多样性指数在1.47~2.04之间,平均多样性指数为1.95。2)果实百粒质量与果皮百粒质量( r^2=0.927)、种子百粒质量(0.768)呈极显著正相关;种子百粒质量与种壳百粒质量(0.863)、种仁百粒质量(0.635)呈极显著正相关,而油脂质量分数与果皮皂苷质量分数(-0.382)呈极显著负相关。3)聚类分析将种质划分为3大类群,类群Ⅰ为小果型,类群Ⅲ为中果型,类群Ⅱ为大果型。无患子主要属于类群Ⅰ,川滇无患子、毛瓣无患子、石屏无患子主要属于类群Ⅱ、Ⅲ。类群Ⅱ集中分布于贵州、云南区域。4)针对无患子产业油用、皂用及综合利用开展主成分分析,筛选出3类无患子属优良种质各10份,主要为无患子、毛瓣无患子种质,综合利用优良种质较平均水平增益36.85%。【结论】无患子属果皮皂苷质量分数、种仁百粒质量和果皮百粒质量为代表的产量指标变异幅度最大,为无患子良种选育提供了丰富的资源和极大的空间;无患子属对皂苷产物积累过程投入的增加要以减少对油脂积累的投入为代价,这体现了无患子属在特定生态环境中的权衡策略;筛选出油用、皂用及综合利用3类各10份无患子属最优种质,普遍分布于云南、贵州区域,推测这些区域拥有更适合发展无患子产业的优良种质和环境条件。     

无患子嫁接试验研究

探索无患子的最佳嫁接时间及嫁接方法:于2006年1月至4月,采用了四种嫁接方法进行嫁接试验。结果表明:不同嫁接时间的成活率差异显著,2～3月最适宜嫁接;不同嫁接方法对成活率的影响较显著,劈接效果最好,成活率高。     

无患子实生群体种实表型性状变异研究

【目的】阐明无患子(Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.)种实表型性状间的关系及其变异规律。【方法】从浙江省天台县8年生无患子实生林分中,选择102棵无患子单株,连续2年观测102棵单株的15个种实性状,并对观测数据进行聚类、相关性和主成分等分析。【结果】102棵无患子的15个表型性状的遗传变异系数为4.91%~65.67%;基于15个种实性状划分的6个群组间性状差异明显,可为营建不同用途的无患子林提供基本材料;果实质量、单株产量、果皮皂苷含量和种仁油脂含量是无患子4个重要的经济性状,4个性状与其他性状有着不同程度的相关关系;表征产量、种实化学成分和种实形态因子的4个主成分累积方差贡献率为81.790%,其反映的信息与基于15个性状的聚类分析、相关分析结果基本一致。【结论】无患子实生群体表型变异丰富,这些多层次变异为不同利用目标的良种初选奠定了基础。     

不同坡位5年生无患子人工林生物量及结实量差异分析

[目的]研究不同坡位5年生无患子人工林生物量及结实量差异,为无患子科学合理种植提供理论依据。[方法]以5年生无患子人工林为研究对象,通过野外样地调查,分析不同坡位对无患子生长量、生物量及结实量的影响。[结果]不同坡位无患子林分乔木层地上部分生物量变化范围在4 370.22~21 456.08 kg/hm~2,根系生物量变化范围在3 507.69~8 898.01 kg/hm~2,林下植被层生物量变化范围在11 167.23~18 084.24 kg/hm~2,林分结实量变化范围在180.01~384.03 kg/hm~2。[结论]无患子林分生长量、林分生物量及林分结实量均表现为下坡位最大,中坡位居中,上坡位最小。     

对无患子提取液洗涤性能的研究

使用超声波提取无患子汁液,测定无患子汁液的粘度、pH值、泡沫高度、耐热性、耐寒性、洗涤效果及有毒金属元素含量等诸多性质。结果表明：无患子汁液有很好的表面活性和洗涤效果,其金属元素含量为As：〈10^-6mg·kg^-,Cd：5．68×10^-4mg·Kg^-1,Hg：〈10^-6mg·kg^-1,Pb：6．67×10^-3mg·kg^-1。为全方位开发和研制无患子源纯天然功能性产品提供理论依据。     

Structure–biological activity relationships in triterpenic saponins: the relative activity of protobassic acid and its derivatives against plant pathogenic fungi

BACKGROUND: Triterpenic saponins from Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. and Diploknema butyracea JF Gmelin were evaluated for in vitro antifungal activity against four phytopathogenic fungi. The study of the structure–antifungal activity relationships of protobassic acid saponins was widened by including semi‐synthetic derivatives. RESULTS: Diploknema butyracea saponins exhibited significant antifungal activity against three fungi (ED₅₀ 230–455 µg mL^?1), whereas S. mukorossi saponin was effective against two fungi (ED₅₀ 181–407 µg mL^?1). The n‐butanol extract after preparative HPLC separation provided two saponins from D. butyracea saponin mixture: 3‐O‐[β‐D ‐glucopyarnosyl‐β‐D ‐glucopyranosyl]‐16‐α‐hydroxyprotobassic acid‐28‐O‐[arabinopyranosyl‐glucopyranosyl‐xylopyranosyl]‐arabinopyranoside (MI‐I), and 3‐O‐β‐D ‐glucopyranosyl‐glucopyranosyl‐glucopyranosyl‐16‐α‐hydroxyprotobassic acid‐28‐O‐[arabinopyranosyl‐xylopyranosyl‐arabinopyranosyl]‐apiofuranoside (MI‐III). The single saponin extracted from S. mukorossi saponin mixture was identified as 3‐O‐[O‐acetyl‐β‐D ‐xylopyranosyl‐β‐D ‐arabinopyranosyl‐β‐D ‐rhamnopyranosyl] hederagenin‐28‐O[β‐D ‐glucopyranosyl‐β‐D ‐glucopyranosyl‐β‐D ‐rhamnopyranosyl] ester (SM‐I). Monodesmosides resulting from the partial degradation of hederagenin and hydroxyprotobassic acid bisdesmosides exhibited significant reduction in antifungal effect. Further removal of sugar moiety yielded complete loss in activity. The antifungal activity of the triterpenic saponins was associated with their aglycone moieties, and esterification of the hydroxyl group led to change in antifungal activity. CONCLUSION: Sapindus mukorossi saponin, which is effective against Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Briton Jones and Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., can be exploited for the development of a natural fungicide. A sugar moiety is a prerequisite for the antifungal activity of triterpenic saponin. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Molecular analyses of genetic variability in soap nut (Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.)

Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. (Sapindaceae) is commercially an important plant much valued for its fruits commonly known as soap nut as well as for the seed oil used as a feed-stock for biodiesel production. Molecular polymorphism, determined, using three single primer amplification reaction (SPAR) methods (RAPD, DAMD and ISSR) is used to assess the genetic variability in 69 accessions of S. mukorossi Gaertn., encompassing different geographical regions in India. Cumulative band data generated using the three SPAR methods resulted in 82.49% polymorphism across all genotypes of S. mukorossi Gaertn. UPGMA tree showed two major clusters that were in accordance with the geographical diversity. The intra-population genetic diversity (0.16), Shannon information index (0.24) and polymorphic loci (45.62%) were highest in AS population, while the corresponding lowest values were recorded in HP population. The inter-population average distance ranged from 0.05 (GA and HP) to 0.26 (AP and HP). Based on these distances, the UPGMA tree for the populations was computed, which showed the presence of two major clusters. Cluster I contained all the populations from Himachal Pradesh (HP) and Uttarakhand (GA and KU) and cluster II grouped the populations from North Eastern region (AS, AP, MG). The present study showed that SPAR methods are informative and useful to unravel the diversity among different populations of the soap nut plants and is a prelude for further utilization of promising and genetically divergent materials in the breeding programmes.     

生物柴油树种无患子研究进展

无患子（Sapindusmukorossi）是我国重要的生物柴油能源树种,其果实丰富的含油量、果皮中的皂苷以及木材的优良价值使其作为一个多功能树种受到高度重视,但规模化、集约化栽培无患子还刚刚起步。笔者从种质资源、良种选育、苗木培育、栽培技术和加工工艺等方面对无患子国内外研究现状进行了综述,发现缺乏良种、苗木繁育技术落后、栽培技术落后及油料成本高等是无患子产业发展的瓶颈所在,并分析提出了今后研发的重点领域和方向。     

无患子硬枝扦插进程插穗内源激素和多酚类物质含量变化

为了解无患子硬枝扦插生根机制,以1年生无患子硬枝作为扦插材料,在扦插第0—80天调查愈伤组织发育和根系形成情况,测定插穗的腋芽(嫩叶)以及基部2cm长度的韧皮部内源激素和多酚类物质的含量。结果表明,无患子硬枝扦插第10天开始出现愈伤组织,第50天愈伤率达到最高值83.33%;第40天开始出现生根插穗,生根率为6.67%,随后不定根数量迅速增加,第70天生根率达到86.67%,此时平均有5.33条。之后生根数量不变,根系仍然在生长,且扦插后根系效果指数持续增高。插穗韧皮部内源激素含量变化较复杂。整体来看,高含量赤霉素(GA3)抑制愈伤组织和不定根形成,且在根原基发生期和不定根形成关键期达到峰值,在不定根速生期持续下降;高含量生长素(IAA)促进不定根的形成,且在扦插后第20天,即根原基发生期,达到峰值(92.7μg/g);玉米素核苷(ZR)对无患子硬枝扦插过程的生理作用较复杂,低含量的ZR有利于根原基的发生和不定根速生,但高含量的ZR促进不定根形成。韧皮部ZR/IAA在扦插后第20—40天呈下降趋势,第40—60天快速上升,促进不定根生长;GA3/IAA整体呈现抛物线形下降趋势,特别是在根原基发生期和不定根速生期,下降速率更快,以促进不定根的生长。无患子硬枝插穗生根进程中,多数多酚类物质对愈伤组织形成、根原基发生及不定根形成有极显著抑制作用,没食子酸抑制效果稍弱;插穗内多种激素和多酚类物质的含量均发生了变化,且对插穗生根产生重大影响。总之,插穗根原基发生和不定根形成等关键时期,IAA含量升高,GA3、ZR以及多酚类物质含量降低,植物体内多种内源物质此消彼长,达到动态平衡,共同促进插穗生根。     

Effect of dietary saponin rich soapnut (Sapindus mukorossi) shell powder on growth performance,immunity, serum biochemistry and gut health of broiler chickens

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary soapnut (Sapindus mukorossi) shell powder (SSP), a cheap source of saponins, on growth performance, immunity, serum biochemistry and gut health of broiler chickens. The experimental design was 4×2, employing four saponin levels (0, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg diet), each provided for two time durations (0–42 day and 21–42 day) resulting into eight dietary treatments. Results revealed no significant effect of dietary saponins on body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of birds. The abdominal fat percentage, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, faecal total plate count, coliform count and E. coli count decreased (p < .05) progressively with increasing saponin levels and lower values were observed at 150 mg and 200 mg saponin levels. Significant improvement of cell‐mediated and humoral immune response was observed in birds fed 150 mg and 200 mg saponin compared to control. The serum glucose concentration was significantly (p < .05) higher in control group compared to other groups. No significant effects of dietary saponin were observed on carcass characteristics, faecal Lactobacillus count, intestinal histomorphometry and cost economics of broiler chicken production. Thus, dietary saponins at 150 mg/kg diet as SSP for three weeks (21–42 days) was optimum for better immunity and welfare of birds without adverse effects on the growth performance.