水稻资源全生育期耐盐性鉴定筛选

对来自国内外不同地区的550份水稻资源进行全生育期耐盐性鉴定。设置淡水、0.3%和0.5%盐溶液浇灌3个处理,插秧10d后,通过浇灌不同体积的淡水与海水调至设计浓度对水稻进行不同浓度的盐胁迫处理。分别调查了淡水及0.3%盐处理下水稻株高、有效分蘖数、主穗长度、主穗结实率、单株产量、抽穗期6项农艺性状和0.5%盐处理下的水稻耐盐表型。与淡水浇灌相比,全生育期在0.3%盐溶液处理下,550份水稻(100%)株高显著降低;124份(22.55%)水稻有效分蘖数(90份增加, 34份减少)、414份(75.27%)水稻主穗长度(405份变短、9份增长)、145份(26.36%)水稻主穗结实率(84份减少, 61份增加)、375份(68.18%)水稻单株产量(343份减少, 32份增加)存在(极)显著差异;水稻资源的抽穗期无显著差异。主成分分析表明,主穗结实率、有效分蘖数及单株产量3项性状累计贡献77.25%的变异。根据产量耐盐系数筛选了121份耐盐水稻资源(产量耐盐系数≥0.8),在0.5%盐胁迫持续处理42 d后,筛选了78份耐盐水稻资源(耐盐表型为3级),其中25份水稻资源全生育期在0.3%盐处理下单株产量耐盐系数≥0.8,在0.5%盐胁迫持续处理42 d后的耐盐表型为3级。筛选的耐盐水稻资源为培育耐盐新品种及深入研究耐盐机制提供材料。     

NaCl胁迫对甜瓜生理指标及相关基因表达的影响

以薄皮甜瓜(IVF05、IVF89)和厚皮甜瓜(IVF117、IVF303)为试材,研究Na Cl(150 mmol·L~(-1))处理对4个甜瓜品种发芽、幼苗生长及相关基因表达的影响。结果表明,在Na Cl胁迫下,薄皮甜瓜IVF89的生长指标受到的抑制作用最大,其发芽率、发芽指数、胚根长度和胚轴长度分别下降23百分点、76.24%、46.71%和39.27%;厚皮甜瓜IVF303的生长指标受到的抑制作用最小,其发芽率下降不明显,发芽指数、胚根长度和胚轴长度分别下降46.52%、34.86%和23.08%;Na Cl胁迫提高了甜瓜幼苗叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,增加了游离脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白的含量;4个甜瓜品种幼苗的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和SPAD值均显著降低,IVF05、IVF89、IVF117和IVF303的Pn分别下降了64.44%、69.62%、61.23%、60.00%;4个甜瓜品种的卡尔文循环(Calvin)关键酶基因1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶基因(CmRubisco)、3-磷酸甘油酸激酶基因(CmPGK)和叶绿体型果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶基因(Cm FBPase)表达均显著下调,核酮糖-5-磷酸激酶基因(Cm PRK)表达大多上调;甜瓜耐盐相关基因质膜Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白基因(Cm SOS1)、液泡膜Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白基因(CmNHX1)、高亲和力K~+转运体基因(CmHKT1)和N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖基转移酶基因(CmGnT)的表达均上调,其中IVF303的基因表达上调幅度最大。通过主成分分析、相关分析和聚类分析等综合分析方法,将4个甜瓜品种分为3类,IVF05和IVF89为盐敏感类型,IVF117为中耐盐类型,IVF303为强耐盐类型。     

四种园林植物对遮荫的生理响应及耐荫性评价

以茶梅‘小玫瑰’、冠盖藤、聚花过路黄和兰花三七4种园林植物1年生苗为试验材料,遮荫处理4个月,研究不同遮荫处理(全光照、遮荫65%、遮荫80%和遮荫95%)对植株生长及生理生化指标的影响,并用隶属函数分析法对4种植物的耐荫性进行了综合评价。结果表明:茶梅‘小玫瑰’、兰花三七在4种遮荫处理下,4个月后株高均有所增长,但冠幅表现为在遮荫65%和遮荫80%条件下,均有一定的增长,在全光照和遮荫95%条件下为先增长后减小的趋势,冠盖藤覆盖度也出现此现象,聚花过路黄在4种条件下均能生长良好。随着遮荫度增加,4种植物叶片的叶绿素a、b以及叶绿素a+b含量均为先增后减,均高于对照,叶绿素a/b值总体呈现降低趋势;可溶性蛋白质含量均有所降低;相对电导率表现为冠盖藤为先降后增,其余3种植物均为增加的趋势;MDA含量表现为兰花三七为先降后增,其余3种植物均为降低的趋势;POD活性和SOD活性表现为先增后降,除冠盖藤SOD活性表现为先降后增。隶属函数分析法综合评价4种植物的耐荫性,耐荫性顺序为兰花三七>聚花过路黄>冠盖藤>茶梅‘小玫瑰’。     

起垄高度对黑果枸杞生长及生理特性的影响

为了探究低洼盐碱地的合理利用方式，以黑果枸杞为试验材料，设置不起垄（对照，H1）、起垄20 cm(H2)、起垄40 cm(H3)共3个栽培处理，研究不同起垄高度对黑果枸杞生长和抗逆生理指标的影响。结果表明：起垄处理的土壤全盐含量显著高于不起垄处理。起垄处理的植株枝长和叶面积显著高于不起垄处理；叶绿素含量除8月份外，其他时期均显著高于对照。可溶性糖含量不同时期的变化幅度较小。脯氨酸含量仅在后期大幅上升，其中H2处理显著高于对照。在8月份时起垄处理的叶片K+含量显著高于H1处理，10月份时则呈相反趋势；Na+含量则一直呈现出起垄处理显著低于对照的趋势。总的来看，起垄种植黑果枸杞更有优势，起垄处理虽增加了土壤盐分含量，但对黑果枸杞生长的影响较小，而相对降低的地下水位埋深对黑果枸杞的生长影响更大，研究结果对低洼盐碱地黑果枸杞的规范化栽培具有一定的理论指导意义。     

青海果洛高寒地区燕麦和小黑麦最佳混播比例筛选

为筛选出适合于三江源区燕麦(Avena sativa)和小黑麦(×Triticale Wittmack)混播比例,在青海省甘德县进行了燕麦与小黑麦不同混播处理的研究。结果表明,在供试的5个混播处理中,混播组合燕麦60%+小黑麦40%处理下的干草产量最高,为13605 kg·hm–2,显著高于单播(P<0.05),和燕麦50%+小黑麦50%处理差异不显著(P>0.05)。燕麦60%+小黑麦40%处理下的燕麦株高最高,比燕麦单播提高6.5%。燕麦60%+小黑麦40%处理下的燕麦单株产量和单株地下生物量均显著高于燕麦单播和其他供试混播处理(P<0.05);小黑麦单株产量在燕麦40%+小黑麦60%处理下最高。燕麦60%+小黑麦40%处理下的燕麦和小黑麦的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量均低于单播,粗蛋白含量最高。利用干草产量、粗蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量、酸性洗涤纤维含量和中性洗涤纤维含量的相对值进行隶属函数值综合评价,得出混播处理的最佳比例为燕麦60%+小黑麦40%。     

MS培养基中氮、磷无机盐对鳗草克隆幼苗生存的影响

为了探究MS培养基中氮、磷无机营养盐对鳗草生长的影响。单独添加不同浓度KNO₃、NH₄NO₃和KH₂PO₄的天然海水中培养鳗草克隆苗,于7、14天进行植株形态学观察和叶片叶绿素含量测定。其中,KNO₃的添加量为MS培养基中的1/2倍、1倍和2倍及NO₃^-总浓度为39.4 mmol/L,KH₂PO₄和NH₄NO₃的添加量均为MS培养基中各自浓度的1/2、1和2倍。结果表明,叶绿素含量以KNO₃处理组最高(P<0.05),克隆苗培养14天无毒害现象,且有新叶发出;NH₄NO₃和KH₂PO₄处理组均对克隆苗有明显毒害作用,NH₄NO₃处理组叶片48 h后开始褐化,7天后茎尖、根尖明显变软并褐化,14天后植株死亡;KH₂PO₄处理组培养14天后叶片平均褐化率达56%。因此,1/2、MS培养基均不适用于鳗草的室内培养,其培养基的氮源应为单独添加的NO₃^--N或高浓度NO₃^--N+低浓度NH₄⁺-N。     

Evaluation of an Indian collection of black gram germplasm and identification of resistance sources to Mungbean yellow mosaic virus

Yellow mosaic disease (YMD) of black gram is an important production constraint in India. Black gram germplasm, consisting of 344 accessions, originally collected from different geographic regions of India and conserved in National Gene Bank at National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, India, were evaluated for their response against YMD. None of the accessions tested was found to be immune, however, considerable variation in disease response was observed among them. Of the 344 accessions, 32 showed resistance in the field during the rainy season (June–September) 2010 as assessed by coefficient of infection (CI) and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). These accessions were re-evaluated during rainy season (June–September) 2011 and 2012 for their disease resistance along with yield-associated characters. Eight accessions that exhibited consistently highly resistant (HR) or resistant (R) reaction (CI ≤ 9) along with lower AUDPC value (≤650), were further evaluated following inoculation with whiteflies or via agroinoculation. Along with the resistant trait, these eight accessions were also found either similar or even better in their yield potential as compared to check. After artificial inoculation using viruliferous whiteflies under glasshouse, of the eight field-resistant accessions, response of two (IC144901 and IC001572) were categorized as HR as <10% plants exhibited minute yellow specks after 17–22 dpi. Two accessions viz. IC011613 and IC485638 showed <20% incidence with bright yellow specks or spots after 15–20 dpi and were grouped into R category. The resistance of these four accessions was further confirmed through agroinoculation of the infectious cloned viral DNA under controlled conditions. In resistant accessions low accumulation of viral DNA was observed over a period of time. These four accessions could be used in future breeding programmes to develop black gram cultivars resistant to YMD or could be used directly as varieties to manage YMD after adaption to various agro-climatic regions.     

Temperature Before Cold Acclimation Affects Cold Tolerance and Photoacclimation in Timothy (Phleum pratense L.), Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

The expected temperature rise in late summer/early autumn can change the conditions for acclimation and affect the winter survival of perennial crops. This study examined the effect of the temperature just before the onset of cold acclimation (pre‐acclimation) on freezing tolerance of timothy (Phleum pratense L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) populations (both cultivars and breeding populations) adapted to either northern or southern parts of Norway. Using phytotron experiments, we studied whether increasing pre‐acclimation temperature delays growth cessation, affects photoacclimation and reduces freezing tolerance. Furthermore, we assessed whether these effects were related to the latitudinal adaptation of the plant material. The results showed that a rise in pre‐acclimation temperature decreased both cold acclimation capacity and photoacclimation in these species. This affected the freezing tolerance, which was reduced significantly more in northern‐adapted population of timothy and perennial ryegrass compared with southern‐adapted populations. Red clover was less affected by temperature changes than the grasses.     

解决聚丙烯芯钢丝绳生产过程中钢丝“塌陷”（或间隙不均）及绳径超差问题

本文从生产制造角度来分析解决聚丙烯芯钢丝绳生产过程中易出现的钢丝塌陷、钢丝间隙不均及绳径超差等问题。与天然纤维芯相比，聚丙烯芯是一种合成纤维芯，除具有质轻、弹性好、不怕霉蛀等特性外，同时还具有较好的抗挤压性，因此，生产过程中，对聚丙烯芯直径公差的控制比对天然纤维芯直径公差的控制更为严格，如聚丙烯芯直径选择不当，易会出现股中钢丝塌陷(或钢丝间隙不均)、绳径超差等问题。笔者结合生产实际情况，从控制聚丙烯绳芯(股芯)直径公差入手，找出聚丙烯芯直径的计算值与其实测值之间合适的比例范围，对正确选择聚丙烯绳芯(股芯)直径大小，满足钢丝绳生产工艺要求，优化工艺参数，提高钢丝绳结构的稳定性和机台生产作业率有着重要的作用。