大豆分离蛋白溶解性的影响因素研究

以大豆分离蛋白为原料,重点探讨了几种外部因素对大豆分离蛋白溶解度的影响。结果表明,大豆分离蛋白的溶解性与pH值、加热温度、离子浓度、多糖和表面活性剂等因素密切相关。因此,在大豆分离蛋白的提取、加工和应用中应该考虑这些因素。     

基于Copula函数的辽西地区农业气象干旱灾害分析

干旱作为辽西地区频发的自然灾害之一,对农业影响显著。综合考虑气象干旱灾害的多要素作用,本文基于SPI指数利用游程理论提取辽西地区1956—2014年农业气象干旱的历时和强度,在确定单变量边缘分布的基础上采用Copula函数分析干旱发生的联合概率和重现期,并以1991—2011年农作物旱灾实况为依据,探讨气象干旱重现期与作物旱灾损失之间的联系。结果显示:(1)干旱历时和干旱强度分别符合Weibull和Gev分布,Frank-Copula适合模拟辽西地区的干旱联合分布;(2)本区发生历时和强度双低、短历时-高强度、长历时-低强度干旱的可能性较大;(3)高强度-短历时和低强度-长历时组合下重现期多为2—4个月,辽西多轻、中旱;(4)1991—2011年旱灾实际重现期与理论重现期接近,表明联合重现期能更好地体现灾害发生频次;(5)重现期低于2个月为轻度干旱,2—8个月为中度干旱,高于8个月为重度干旱,农业部门可根据联合重现期预测出的干旱等级采取有针对性的防旱抗旱措施。     

A FUZZY RULE BASE APPROACH FOR DEVELOPING A SOIL PROTECTION INDEX MAP: A CASE STUDY in the UPPER AWASH BASIN,ETHIOPIAN HIGHLANDS

Land use practices and vegetation cover distribution are considered to be the most important dynamic factors that influence the land degradation or the soil erosion of a region. In this study, a Soil Protection Index (SPI) is defined as a function of land use practices and intensity of vegetation cover. This index is used to map the relative degree of protection of topsoil from being eroded by external effects such as rainfall and overland flow. A fuzzy rule‐based model integrated within ArcGIS® has been set‐up and tested with the aim to develop SPI maps. The amount of vegetation cover distribution, that is, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index as proxy parameter and Land Use–Land Cover map are chosen as fuzzy input parameters for the SPI as the desired system output. The approach was tested in the Upper Awash basin in Ethiopia. The output SPI map was qualitatively evaluated against the expert‐defined land degradation risk class, and it was found that locations that are mapped with ‘low and very low’ SPI classes at different time periods of the year have a high potential land degradation risk. Furthermore, socio‐economic data (‘population and livestock densities’) and environmental parameters (‘altitude and soil erodibility’) for the region are used to correlate with the SPI map as an indirect method of evaluation. It is found that population and livestock density explained 68 per cent of the spatial distribution pattern of predicted SPI and an adjusted R‐squared value of 0·681 (p < 0·05) was obtained. It was also found that the SPI distribution over the region for two different time periods, that is, January and July 2001, correlated positively (R² = 0·41 and R² = 0·51) with the soil erodibility of the region. The transferability and applicability of the model for different environmental settings or landscapes were tested by mapping the SPI of Italy. This SPI map of Italy was compared with the soil erosion map of Italy produced by the European Soil Bureau. It can be concluded that the SPI map reflects the potential land degradation risk distribution of the case‐study region. Results show that a fuzzy rule‐based model can provide useful preliminary information even without detailed and precise data information for developing appropriate strategies for land degradation assessment vital for sustainable land use management. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

典型喀斯特聚集区不同地貌类型干旱时空特征

为探究西南典型喀斯特聚集区不同地貌类型干旱时空特征,研究选取贵州省作为研究区,基于贵州19个气象站点1951—2020年的气象数据,利用SPI指数、M-K突变检验等方法研究贵州近70 a降水与气温在不同时间尺度变化规律,探讨不同地貌分区干旱的年、季时空尺度耦合特征。结果表明：(1)贵州近70 a的年均降水量整体呈缓慢下降趋势、气温呈现上升的趋势。(2)不同地貌分区干旱情况差异较显著,其中非喀斯特和峰丛洼地地貌背景下干旱呈现微弱上升趋势,其他分区干旱均呈下降趋势。(3)各分区在夏、秋季干旱指数均呈减少态势,冬季干旱指数呈增加态势。除岩溶高原和岩溶断陷盆地外,春季其他地貌分区旱情均呈加剧趋势。旱情加剧程度最大出现在岩溶槽谷春秋季和岩溶断陷盆地夏冬季,旱情加剧程度最小出现在非喀斯特地区的夏秋季和岩溶高原地区冬春季。(4)岩溶槽谷和非喀斯特的SPI12均值无明显突变点,岩溶峡谷的SPI12值在1987发生突变,岩溶高原和峰丛洼地分别在2002年和2019年前后发生显著性跳跃,岩溶断陷盆地在置信范围内发生三次突变。综上,研究结果可以为同类型干旱防灾减灾提供一定的参考依据。     

基于加权马尔可夫模型的标准化降水指数干旱预测研究

基于不同时间尺度标准化降水指数的干旱监测结果,以规范化的各阶白相关系数为权重,采用加权马尔可夫链方法对未来干旱状态进行预测和分析.以关中平原和渭北旱塬36个气泉站39年逐月降水量为分析数据.系统地分析了该方法在不同时间尺度(从1个月到1年)上的预测能力及存在的问题.结果表明:对所选的5个时间尺度该方法都有一定的预测能力,并且随着时间尺度的增加,预测正确率也相应提高.同时,该方法对无旱的预测比较准确.对干旱的发生也有一定预测能力,可以作为早期干旱预警的参考.但是,该方法对干旱状态突变的预测能力较弱;随着干旱程度的加重其预测能力也逐渐降低.     

陇东地区植被指数NDVI与降水的关系研究

利用1982～2003年NOAA/AVHRR(advanced very high resolution rediometer)资料及同期的降水资料,对甘肃省陇东地区半干旱区环县和半湿润区西峰的植被指数NDVI与不同时间尺度的标准化降水指数SPI进行相关分析.结果表明:在植被生长季,植被对降水的敏感程度半干旱区大于半湿润区;大多数月NDVI与3-SPI的相关系数较高,而与1-SPI较低;半干旱区和半湿润区NDVI的年变化幅度分别为:-12%～10%和-10%～13%,半干旱区NDVI的年变化与SPI变化趋势吻合较好,显著相关(P<0.05),而在半湿润区二者并不显著;半干旱区的年NDVI与四季降水均显著相关(P<0.05),而半湿润区年NDVI只与冬春季的降水显著相关(P<0.05).     

TMPA卫星遥感降水数据产品在中国大陆的干旱效用评估

为评估基于卫星遥感的高时空分辨率降水数据产品在干旱研究中的应用能力,该研究以标准化降水指数(standardized precipitation index,SPI)和标准化降水蒸散指数(standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index,SPEI)为例,以站点实测降水数据产品作为参考,评估了热带降水测量计划——多卫星降水分析(tropical rainfall measurement mission(TRMM)multi-satellite precipitation analysis,TMPA)3B42V7产品在中国大陆范围内1998-2015年间的干旱效用.结果表明:1)基于3B42V7计算的干旱指数总体上具有较高的精度,在中国东部大部分地区与基于降水实测数据的干旱指数相关系数均在0.8以上;2)基于西南和华北2个典型干旱发生地区的干旱时空变异评估结果表明,3B42V7能较为准确地反映干旱事件的发展过程和强度并能较好地捕捉干旱事件的空间模式,并且在大多数情况下单纯基于3B42V7数据计算的SPI指数即可满足干旱监测的要求;3)干旱事件识别能力评估结果表明,3B42V7产品能够较准确地识别和定位1998年以来的大范围干旱.TMPA产品能从时间和空间上刻画出中国大陆干旱的演变规律,适用于大尺度气象干旱的监测与评估.     

两种气象干旱指标的应用比较研究

基于两种常用的气象干旱指标计算方法--Z指数和标准化降水指数（SPI指数）,改进了两种干旱指标的区域化计算方法。通过比较分析两种不同干旱指标方法,结果表明SPI指数与Z指数具有较好的一致性。同时,SPI指数计算较Z指数简单,资料容易获取,其借助概率密度函数转化计算,消除了降水资料的时空分布差异,具有良好的稳定性,能有效地反映区域的旱涝状况,为区域水资源评估及旱涝灾害预测预警提供了可靠的依据。     

Immunomodulatory activities of non-prolamin proteins in wheat germ and gluten

Albumin (Alb), globulin (Glo), glutelin (Gll) and glutenin (Gln) were separately extracted from wheat germ and wheat gluten. Amino acisd composition, molecular weight distribution, solubility, in vitro digestibility, and immunomodulatory activities were all analyzed. Gll and Gln have similar molecular weight distributions, which differed from those of Alb and Glo. Alb showed the highest solubility at various pH values (except pH 4.0), whereas Glo showed the highest in vitro digestibility. Glo and Gll have the highest proportion of essential to total amino acids, while Alb and Gll have the highest protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores. Gll had the strongest immunomodulatory effects in terms of stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells to produce IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10, and good stimulatory effects on splenocyte proliferation, production of IL-2, phagocytosis, and secretion of nitric oxide in RAW 264.7 cells. Gll can be considered a good protein source for use in health foods.     

酒石酸酰化改性制备低固体含量大豆蛋白胶黏剂的研究

以L-酒石酸和乙酰氯在极少量磷酸做催化剂的条件下制备二乙酰基酒石酸,之后将二乙酰基酒石酸溶于乙醇中制备改性剂,加入到制备好的p H10.50~10.90低浓度大豆分离蛋白预处理液中,制备胶黏剂。测试胶黏剂的固体物含量、DSC、胶合强度以及胶黏剂横切面。结果表明:p H10.7~10.8时,200 m L大豆分离蛋白预处理液中加入0.4 g二乙酰基酒石酸和10 m L无水乙醇制备的改性剂,最终得到的胶黏剂有良好的耐水性,胶合强度2 MPa,远超过国家对Ⅱ类胶合板胶合强度的要求(≥0.7 MPa)。