A remote sensing-based agricultural drought indicator and its implementation over a semi-arid region,Jordan

The objective of the study was to develop a remote sensing(i.e., Landsat-8 and MODIS)-based agricultural drought indicator(ADI) at 30-m spatial resolution and 8-day temporal resolution and also to evaluate its performance over a heterogeneous agriculture dominant semi-arid region in Jordan. Firstly, we used principal component analysis(PCA) to evaluate the correlations among six commonly used remote sensing-derived agricultural drought related variables. The variables included normalized difference water index(NDWI), normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI), visible and shortwave drought index(VSDI), normalized multiband drought index(NMDI), moisture stress index(MSI), and land surface temperature(LST). Secondly, we integrated the relatively less correlated variables(that were found to be NDWI, VSDI, and LST) to generate four agricultural drought categories/conditions(i.e., wet, mild drought, moderate drought, and severe drought). Finally, we evaluated the ADI maps against a set of 8-day ground-based standardized precipitation index values(i.e., SPI-1, SPI-2, …, SPI-8) by use of confusion matrices and observed the best results for SPI-4(i.e., overall accuracy and Kappa-values were 83% and 76%, respectively) and SPI-5(i.e., overall accuracy and Kappa-values were 85% and 78%, respectively). The results demonstrated that the method would be valuable for monitoring agricultural drought conditions in semi-arid regions at both a reasonably high spatial resolution(i.e., 30-m) and a short time period(i.e., 8-day).     

基于改进的标准化降水指数的黄河中游干旱情势研究

提出了一种基于旬累积尺度的月标准化降水指数(SPI)计算方法,该方法不仅考虑了前期降雨量对区域当前旱情的影响,因而对旱情的评估更为客观,同时在实际应用中更具有时间上的灵活性,更能体现气象干旱的累积效应和预报的时效性。计算了黄河中游山西省境内近40a(1971-2009年)各旬干旱指数,分析结果表明改进的标准化降水指数能够很好地表征黄河中游山西省境内的历史旱情状况。引入国际上常用的多种未来气候情景,研究分析了未来气候变化下2021-2050年黄河中游山西省境内地区旱情发展的可能情势,结果表明其存在对农业不利影响加重的可能,需要引起水资源管理部门的重视。     

Associations among albuminuria, C-reactive protein concentrations, survival predictor index scores, and survival in 78 critically ill dogs

Background: Microalbuminuria and C‐reactive protein (CRP) are predictors of morbidity and survival in critically ill human patients. Hypothesis/Objectives: To evaluate results of microalbuminuria assays (untimed single‐sample urine albumin concentration [U‐ALB] and the urine albumin : creatinine ratio [UACR]), serum CRP, and survival predictor index (SPI2) scores as predictors of survival in critically ill dogs. Animals: Seventy‐eight dogs admitted to intensive care units at University of Tennessee (UT) and Colorado State University (CSU). Methods: Prospective observational study. Critically ill dogs were eligible for enrollment, unless euthanized because of financial constraints. Samples were collected within 3 hours of admission. Spearman's rank‐correlation coefficients were determined for U‐ALB, UACR, CRP, and SPI2. U‐ALB, UACR, CRP, and SPI2 were assessed for associations with 7‐ and 30‐day survival by Mann‐Whitney U‐tests and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. P‐values < .0125 were considered significant. Results: UT (n = 49) and CSU (n = 29) patients did not differ significantly. Forty percent (31/78) of dogs died. SPI2 was inversely correlated with U‐ALB (r_s=?0.39, P < .001) and UACR (r_s=?0.41, P < .001). CRP was not correlated with SPI2 (P= .019), U‐ALB (P > .1), or UACR (P > .1). U‐ALB and UACR had very high correlation (r_s= 0.95, P < .001). SPI2, U‐ALB, and UACR differed significantly for survivors and nonsurvivors. SPI2, U‐ALB, and UACR had areas under the ROC curve (AUC) from 0.68 to 0.74 for survival prediction. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Albuminuria and SPI2, but not CRP, are associated with survival in critically ill dogs. Suboptimal AUCs limit the value of microalbuminuria testing for clinical risk assessment. Additional studies are necessary to determine the usefulness of microalbuminuria testing in patient risk stratification for prospective research.     

东北黑土区降水特征及其对土壤水分的影响

水分是东北黑土区农业生产的主要限制因子,为了探讨东北黑土区可持续的土壤水分管理方式,该研究以中国科学院海伦农田生态系统野外科学观测研究站内为基础,利用SPI（standard precipitation index）值（标准降水指数）研究了该地区1952－2008年的大气降水情况,同时分析了土壤水分对大气降水（1999－2008年）的响应。1952－2008年平均年降水量为540 mm,标准差为121 mm,生长季内平均降水量为473 mm,占年平均降水量的87.60%。利用标准降水指数（SPI）将1952－2008年大气降水划分为7个不同的干/湿状态,分别是极端干旱,严重干旱、中等干旱、平常年份、中等湿润、非常湿润和极端湿润。分析近10 a（1999－2008）大气降水的SPI值发现极端干旱的年份有增加的趋势,同时对生长季末期土壤含水量的影响表现为湿润的年份（2003年,SPI值=1.5）能够显著增加土壤含水量（639.70 mm）,而在极端干旱的年份（2004年,SPI=-2.6）土壤含水量达到了最低值（512.21 mm）。年际间降水量的差异也影响了土壤的供水特征特,同时肥料的施用增加了作物对土壤中水分的消耗。根据降水合理地管理东北黑土区的土壤水分对农业的可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Response of hydrological drought to meteorological drought in the eastern Mediterranean Basin of Turkey

The hydrographic eastern Mediterranean Basin of Turkey is a drought sensitive area. The basin is an important agricultural area and it is necessary to determine the extent of extreme regional climatic changes as they occur in this basin. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to show the correlation between standardized precipitation index(SPI) and standardized streamflow index(SSI) values on different time scales. Data from five meteorological stations and seven stream gauging stations in four sub-basins of the eastern Mediterranean Basin were analyzed over the period from 1967 to 2017. The correlation between SSI and SPI indicated that in response to meteorological drought, hydrological drought experiences a one-year delay then occurs in the following year. This is more evident at all stations from the mid-1990 s. The main factor causing hydrological drought is prolonged low precipitation or the presence of a particularly dry year. Results showed that over a long period(12 months), hydrological drought is longer and more severe in the upper part than the lower part of the sub-basins. According to SPI-12 values, an uninterrupted drought period is observed from 2002–2003 to 2008–2009. Results indicated that among the drought events, moderate drought is the most common on all timescales in all sub-basins during the past 51 years. Long-term dry periods with moderate and severe droughts are observed for up to 10 years or more since the late 1990 s, especially in the upper part of the sub-basins. As precipitation increases in late autumn and early winter, the stream flow also increases and thus the highest and most positive correlation values(0.26–0.54) are found in January. Correlation values(ranging between –0.11 and –0.01) are weaker and negative in summer and autumn due to low rainfall. This is more evident at all stations in September. The relation between hydrological and meteorological droughts is more evident, with the correlation values above 0.50 on longer timescales(12-and 24-months). The results presented in this study allow an understanding of the characteristics of drought events and are instructive for overcoming drought. This will facilitate the development of strategies for the appropriate management of water resources in the eastern Mediterranean Basin, which has a high agricultural potential.     

乳清浓缩蛋白和大豆分离蛋白的营养价值评价

采用国际上通用的营养价值评价方法,分别测定了蛋白粉中乳清浓缩蛋白(WPC)和大豆分离蛋白(SPI)粗蛋白含量和氨基酸组成,对它们的营养价值进行全面评价.分析结果显示,乳清浓缩蛋白和大豆分离蛋白必需氨基酸含量较高,分别占其氨基酸总量的40.8%和38.5%,蛋白质的氨基酸评分(AAS)、化学评分(CS)、必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)、生物价(BV)、营养指数(NI)和氨基酸比值系数分(SRCAA)分别为66.3、61.4、69.5、64.1、56.0、82.0和48.3、44.6、62.3、56.2、51.1、76.6.结果表明乳清浓缩蛋白和大豆分离蛋白是良好的蛋白质来源.     

基于SPI的近53 a宁夏干旱时空演变特征研究

利用宁夏回族自治区9个气象站点1959-2011年的逐月降水数据计算其标准化降水指标(standardized precipitation index,SPI)值,并结合干旱站次比、干旱强度、气候倾向率及ArcGIS中反距离加权插值等方法,分析了研究区干旱的时空变化特征。结果表明,近53 a来,宁夏回族自治区年SPI在波动中呈降低的趋势,其变化倾向率为-0.131/10 a,呈更加干旱趋势,且干旱增幅以21世纪最大;从季节SPI变化来看,春、夏、秋季干旱呈增重趋势,但冬季有所缓解。从干旱发生的范围和强度来看,宁夏回族自治区重旱发生范围略有扩大,而轻旱和中旱略有减小,强度微呈减弱趋势;四季中,总体呈现出冬季干旱强度略增,范围缩小,春季干旱范围扩大。强度增强,而夏秋干旱范围缩小。宁夏回族自治区存在季节连旱频发现象,持续时间长,尤其是春、夏、秋跨季节连旱对农业生产影响最大。年和季节SPI的空间差异明显,表现为由北向南干旱的加重幅度逐渐增大,尤以南部山区对区域干旱变化的响应最为敏感。     

婴儿配方奶粉生产中部分应用大豆分离蛋白的研究

通过对人乳和牛乳蛋白质组分的差异比较,利用大豆分离蛋白中的优质氨基酸与乳蛋白混合后的营养互补,提高营养价值.同时与乳糖配合可以达到部分替代脱盐乳清粉D90的目的,进而提升产品营养,做到婴儿配方奶粉的国产化.     

农业干旱风险研究进展与发展趋势

随着农业旱灾对农业系统造成的损失日益加剧,增大了对区域资源的压力,造成一系列环境问题,农业干旱风险分析逐渐成为近年一个新的研究领域;这一研究不仅是农业旱灾风险管理的基础和前提,也是农业干旱风险区划和灾前损失预评估的理论基础。目前,针对农业干旱风险的研究大多是通过模拟特定干旱指标与作物生物量之间的关系,对作物因旱损失进行微观风险评价,因此在阅读大量文献的基础上,分别对农业干旱、农业干旱风险的定义,以及对基于降水指数的农业干旱风险的研究进展进行了综述。