氮肥施用策略对膜下滴灌棉花叶片叶绿素含量变化的影响

进行了南疆膜下滴灌棉花不同施肥策略和不同灌水量对农田环境影响的田间试验,利用SPAD-502叶绿素仪测定了不同施氮比例下棉花功能叶叶绿素SPAD值的变化,分析了叶绿素SPAD值积累量与棉花产量的关系。结果表明:棉花整个生育期采用不同的追肥策略,各个处理叶片中叶绿素含量变化的趋势、峰值大小及SPAD值积累量都会不同。在蕾期、花铃期前期,不同施肥策略均会影响叶片叶绿素的积累,而盛铃期施肥策略对叶片叶绿素影响不大。各处理叶片叶绿素SPAD值与产量之间存在明显的正相关,生育期积累的叶绿素含量越高,产量越高。在比较理想的施肥量和施肥策略下,过高的灌水量不一定会获得高的棉花产量。     

基于上部叶片SPAD值估算小麦氮营养指数

快速、准确的监测诊断小麦氮营养状态对于评价小麦长势、指导氮肥运筹并预测籽粒产量均具有重要的意义.基于2009-2011年的大田试验,系统分析了小麦上部4张单叶不同叶位的SPAD值和归一化SPAD指数(NDSPADij)与氮营养指数的定量关系,通过简单分组线性回归筛选出在不同年际和不同品种间表现稳定的氮营养指数(NNI)定量方程.结果表明,小麦上部不同叶位SPAD值和NNI随施氮量提高而提高,而NDSPADij随施氮量的提高而降低.小麦单叶SPAD值与NNI的关系呈显著正相关,但这种关系在品种或年份之间不稳定,对小麦氮素诊断存在风险;除NDSPAD12外,NDSPADij与NNI之间呈显著负相关,经简单分组线性分析发现NDSPAD14与NNI之间在年份和品种之间表现最稳定,能够较好的定量估算氮营养指数,从而快速诊断小麦氮素是否亏缺.     

Photosynthetic Traits of Spring Barley throughout Development Stages under Field Conditions

Photosynthetic traits are affected by many environmental factors, of which the most important ones are microclimate of crop stand and meteorological conditions. A 2-year field study was conducted to determine the photosynthetic rate (P) and chlorophyll index (SPAD) alteration in various spring barley cultivars throughout development stages under field conditions. The tests involved three seed rates (SR) [200 (SR I), 400 (SR II), and 600 (SR III) viable seeds per m²] and three cultivars (Aura DS, Barke, and Gustav). The measurements were made four times during the growing season. In 2008, the P values were the greatest at BBCH 45 under warm conditions coupled with a lack of rainfall. The spring barley cultivars differed in tolerance of the weather conditions between the experimental years. The P of Barke was the greatest in warm and dry conditions (2008), and that of Gustav was greatest mainly in wet conditions. The P of Aura DS was lower than the trial mean in both years. The SRs effect on P and SPAD was significant only in sporadic cases. The variation of P and SPAD depended significantly (P ≤ 0.05, P ≤ 0.01) on the weather factors and their interaction.     

实时实地氮素管理对水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响

以扬两优6号和培两优3076水稻为材料,通过田间试验比较研究了基于SPAD值的氮素管理对水稻氮素吸收、产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,随着SPAD预设阈值的增加,氮肥用量增加,籽粒产量和氮素吸收也随之增加。实时氮素管理条件下,水稻扬两优6号和培两优3076均以SPAD值为41处理获得较高的籽粒产量和氮素利用率,该处理在籽粒产量不降低的同时节约了氮肥用量12. 8% ～33.3%;而实地氮素管理条件下,水稻扬两优6号和培两优3076均以SPAD值为39～41处理获得较高的籽粒产量和氮素利用率,该处理在籽粒产量不降低的同时节约了23.1%的氮肥用量。鉴于实地氮素管理在田间易于操作,因此建议采用39～41作为水稻关键生育期指导氮肥施用的SPAD阈值。     

氮肥运筹对水稻农学效应和氮素利用的影响

通过田间试验,以不同氮肥量级为参照,结合关键生育期叶片叶绿素含量（SPAD值）指导氮肥施用,以探明潜江地区水稻关键生育期的氮肥适宜用量。结果表明,在施N 90～180kg/hm2间水稻产量差异不显著,当超过N 180 kg/hm2,产量降低。根据水稻产量（y）和施氮量（x）拟合得出一元二次关系式:y = -0.0728x2 + 22.335x + 6811.5,R2 = 0.9442。结合当年水稻价格肥料投入费用等计算出水稻的经济效益（Y）和施氮量（X）之间的函数式:y = -0.134x2 + 37.097x + 12533-M,R2 = 0.9331;由此得出经济效益最大时水稻的施氮量是N 138 kg/hm2。该施氮量下水稻的氮肥表观利用率,农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力可保持在40.9%,11.5 kg/ kg和63.2 kg/ kg,与完全依据SPAD值指导关键生育期的氮肥施用量相近似（N 140 kg/hm2）,保证了水稻最大的经济效益,同时也保持了较高的氮肥利用率,降低氮素表观损失。     

密度和氮肥互作对单粒精播花生SPAD值、植株和产量性状的影响

本研究旨在探讨单粒精播花生生理性状和产量性状对密度和氮肥的响应。选择山东省烟台市招远鲁东丘陵地,作物两年三熟。2018和2019年,以出口大花生品种花育22为试验材料进行大田试验,设置了3个种植密度（12万、20万、28万株/hm²,分别表示为D1、D2和D3）和4个施氮量（0、50、115、180 kg/hm²,分别表示为N0、N50、N115、N180）,于不同生育时期调查分析花生SPAD值、植株和产量性状。研究结果表明,种植密度和施氮量均显著影响花生叶绿素含量、干物质量、植株性状和产量性状,且两者互作效应显著。在D2密度条件下,花生荚果产量较D1密度和D3密度分别高24.31%～45.04%和10.57%～15.13%,成熟期叶绿素含量分别高3.70%～27.82%和6.10%～18.94%,成熟期干物质量分别高7.31%～32.34%和10.65%～34.59%,且差异性均达到了显著水平。在D2密度下,施氮量在50～180 kg/hm²范围内,花生荚果产量、叶绿素含量和干物质量均显著高于无氮处理,各施氮处理表现为N115 > N180 > N50 > N0,以施氮量为115 kg/hm²时花生荚果产量最大,较N50和N180处理分别提高了6.83%和3.90%,叶绿素含量、干物质量和植株性状也协同提高。综合考虑生理性状、产量性状等因素,在本试验条件下,单粒精播花生栽培在低密度12万株/hm²下,花生主要产量性状随着施氮量的增加而增加,以种植密度为20万株/hm²,施氮量为115 kg/hm²较为适宜。     

RATIO OF CALCIUM TO MAGNESIUM INFLUENCES BIOMASS,ELEMENTAL ACCUMULATIONS,AND PIGMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN KALE

Producers use elemental ratios, such as calcium (Ca): magnesium (Mg), in fertility programs to ensure sufficient nutrient uptake. Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala D.C.) accumulates high levels of carotenoids which can be beneficial for human health. Objectives were to determine the influence of Ca:Mg fertilization on 1) biomass, 2) essential nutrients, and 3) carotenoids in kale leaf tissues. ‘Redbor’ kale was greenhouse-grown in solution culture. Ca:Mg ratio treatments were 9:1, 6:1, 3:1, 1:3, 1:6, and 1:9. Ca:Mg ratio significantly affected biomass, nutrient accumulation, and carotenoids. Plant biomass decreased linearly (P ≤ 0.001) and β-carotene, lutein, neoxanthin, and antheraxanthin all increased, then decreased quadratically (P ≤ 0.001) as the ratio of Ca:Mg changed from 9:1 to 1:9. Ca:Mg ratio also affected leaf tissue Ca, Mg, potassium (K), sulfur (S), boron (B), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo) and zinc (Zn). Results indicate that producers wishing to maximize elemental uptake and carotenoid content of kale need to consider the ratio of Ca:Mg in their fertility programs.     

Use of Chlorophyll Meter to Assess the Effect of Nitrogen on Sweet Pepper Development and Growth

Abstract

The evolution of both leaf expansion and chlorophyll content was assessed in potted sweet pepper plants subjected to four different levels of nitrogen (mg N/kg of soil): N1 = 25 (basal dressing); N2 = 50 (basal dressing); N3 = 100 (basal dressing and one side dressing); and, N4 = 150 (basal dressing and two side dressings). In each plant, the first leaves (numbered 1–5) were chosen at the main stem and the next four ramifications. The relative chlorophyll content of leaves 1 to 5, from all treatments, was obtained by a portable chlorophyll meter, SPAD-502, twice a week. The SPAD readings were subsequently converted into total chlorophyll (μ g cm^{? 2}). The plant dry weight, the number of fruits per plant, and the N content of leaves were measured at final harvest (70 d after transplantation, DAT). Until the first side dressing (35 DAT), the increase in chlorophyll content was similar in all treatments, decreasing afterward under the N1 and N2 treatments (leaves 1 and 2), while under the N3 and N4 treatments the increase in the chlorophyll content continued after the first side dressing. The application of the second side dressing (53 DAT) under the N4 treatment induced a subsequent increase in chlorophyll content in all leaves compared with those of N3. An early senescence was observed under the N1 and N2 treatments compared with the others. Applied N in side dressing led to an increase in leaf width (leaves 2–5) and longevity, mainly in leaves 2 and 3, and a subsequent increase under fruit number and fruit dry weight under the N3 and N4 treatments.     

Photosynthetic responses of spring barley varieties to different stand densities under field conditions

Abstract

Photosynthesis is affected by many factors on which plant productivity depends; however, little is known about the variation of spring barley photosynthetic characteristics under the influence of different stand densities. A 2-year field study was conducted to determine the photosynthetic rate (A), efficiency of excitation capture by open PSII reaction centres (F'v/F'm) and chlorophyll index (SPAD) response of various spring barley varieties to different stand densities (SDs) under field conditions. Three seed rates were used (200, 400 and 600 plants m^?2) and three varieties (Aura DS, Barke and Gustav). The measurements were made three times during the growing season. Varietal effect was significant on all indicators, the influence of the factors' interaction was significant on A, but SD influence was not significant. Varieties differed in tolerance to weather conditions. Maximum A was established for Gustav in wet year, but for Barke in dry year. The highest F'v/F'm was observed for Gustav under dry and warm conditions. The lowest F'v/F'm across varieties was for the lowest SD. The highest SPAD was observed for Gustav, the lowest for Aura DS. SPAD increased with decreasing SD. The correlation between the indicators and grain yield was positive. Meteorological conditions influenced the A data variation by 46.4–82.5%, 60.9–87.8% and 61.9–83.9% for the Aura DS, Barke and Gustav, respectively. Our research showed that under Central Lithuania's weather conditions the most effective photosynthetic process was recorded in the intensive variety Gustav, which is recommended to be grown at a medium crop density of 400 plants m^?2.     

Influence of nitrogen on leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthesis of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to estimate the influence of different rates of soil-applied nitrogen on leaf N and chlorophyll content and photosynthesis in ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees. Three different treatments were included: the trees were either fertilized with 80 kg N ha^?1 (N-80), 250 kg N ha^?1 (N-250) or left unfertilized (CON). Fertilization increased leaf nitrogen content, with a more prominent effect in high N application level treatment. In all treatments, a slight seasonal decrease in leaf nitrogen content was observed. N-250 treatment resulted in higher chlorophyll content; a similar effect was found late in the season for N-80 treatment. Measurements of A-C _i curves, performed on spur leaves, revealed a higher CO₂ saturated photosynthetic rate in N-250 trees compared with low application level fertilized or unfertilized trees. No effect of N fertilization on carboxylation efficiency was found, as revealed by comparisons of the initial slopes of A-C _i curves. The lack of positive effect is rather surprising, since the leaf N content was efficiently increased with application of fertilizer. Obviously, the existing pool of leaf nitrogen in non-fertilized trees does not limit Rubisco activity and efficiency.