冬小麦叶片SPAD值和产量对种植密度和施肥的响应

以2011年审定的小麦品种普冰9946为试材,研究5种施肥水平和4种播种密度对其叶片SPAD值和产量的影响。结果表明,在不同施肥和密度处理下,小麦起身期和开花期SPAD值呈显著差异,拔节期和灌浆期SPAD值呈极显著差异;处理（密度315×10 hm^-2,N 225 kg/hm,P 150 kg/hm,K 150 kg/hm）和（密度315×10 hm^-2,N 300 kg/hm,P 200 kg/hm,K 200 kg/hm）在各个时期顶叶（旗叶）均有较大SPAD值。当密度为315×10 hm^-2,施肥量为N 225 kg/hm,P 150 kg/hm,K 150 kg/hm时,穗粒数和产量均为最大,分别为每穗44.92粒和9 873.00 kg/hm,并具有较高的有效穗数和千粒质量。不同时期顶叶（旗叶）SPAD值与有效穗数、穗粒数和产量存在正相关关系,与千粒质量存在负相关关系;小麦顶叶（旗叶）SPAD值对有效穗数、穗粒数和产量的影响主要从拔节期开始,且主要在拔节期与开花期。可见,适当增加播种密度和施肥量,可使冬小麦在整个生育期获得相对稳定且较高的SPAD值,并可显著增加冬小麦的穗粒数和产量。     

水稻叶片SPAD空间分布与氮素营养及种植密度的关系

通过大田试验,研究在4个施氮水平和3个种植密度下,水稻孕穗和抽穗两个时期水稻不同叶位叶片SPAD值的空间分布特征,并对叶片氮素营养和种植密度与不同叶位的SPAD值之间的相关性进行分析。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,孕穗期SPAD值表现为顶3叶>顶2叶>顶4叶>顶1叶;抽穗期SPAD值表现为顶1叶>顶2叶>顶3叶>顶4叶。不同种植密度对水稻各叶位的SPAD值差异不显著。相关分析发现,孕穗期不同叶位SPAD值与施氮量的相关性顺序是顶4叶>顶3叶>顶2叶;抽穗期不同叶位SPAD值与施氮量的相关性顺序是顶1叶>顶3叶>顶2叶>顶4叶。     

Estimating Rice Leaf Greenness (SPAD) Using Fixed-Point Continuous Observations of Visible Red and Near Infrared Narrow-Band Digital Images

Abstract

A narrow-band dual camera system demonstrated a new close-range sensing technique to seasonally track trends in leaf greenness in rice paddies. A weatherproof digital imaging system for the visible red (RED, 620?650 nm) and near infrared band (NIR, 820?900 nm) was positioned 12 m above a 600-m² rice field. During the 2009 and 2010 paddyrice seasons, the system automatically logged images at 10-min intervals throughout the day. Radiometric corrections for the images utilized solar irradiance sensors and prior calibration to calculate 0900-1500 JST daily-averaged reflectance factors (DARF). The DARF in RED (DARF-RED) and NIR (DARF-NIR) values were transformed to provide a daily-averaged normalizeddifference vegetation index (DA-NDVI). The DA-NDVI increased more rapidly in the vegetative growth period, and reached an asymptotic plateau earlier than the DARF-NIR. From transplanting to harvest, leaf greenness values (measured by the SPAD index) were measured for the central part of the uppermost leaves of targeted canopies weekly with a chlorophyll meter. We developed a leaf greenness index (LGI), the ratio of DA-NDVI to DARF-NIR, and a simple calculation method for area means to reduce the background effect. The modified area means of LGI followed the seasonal trend in SPAD value well; its patternwas inherently different from the patterns of any of the original three parameters: DARF-RED, DARF-NIR or DA-NDVI. Throughout the paddy seasons in the two years, a regression equation for estimating SPAD values using the LGI, daily solar radiation, the cosine of angle between the view and the meridian directions and the cosine of culmination solar zenith angle performed favorably (R²=0.815). The nitrogen concentration per dry plant hill (g kg-¹) had a close relation to the SPAD values estimated using the equation.     

Nutritional Evaluation of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization of Carob Tree under Dry‐Farming Conditions

Abstract

The aim of this work was to assess how potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) fertilization might affect the variation of leaf and fruit nutrient concentrations in carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) under low precipitation. A field study was conducted in 1997, 1998, and 1999 in a calcareous soil. Four fertilization treatments were tested: no fertilizer (C), 0.8 kg N tree^?1 (N treatment), 0.83 kg K tree^?1 (K treatment), and 0.80 kg N tree^?1 plus 0.83 kg K tree^?1 (NK treatment). During the hydrological cycle 1998/1999, only 250 mm of rain were recorded. Because of this, from 1998 to 1999 a decrease in the concentrations of mobile nutrients N, phosphorus (P), and K and an increase in calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) were observed in leaves. The application of N led to higher leaf N concentration compared with other treatments. This response allowed the establishment of a linear model that relates soil plant analysis development (SPAD) readings with leaf N concentrations (r²=0.55; P<0.05). Compared with leaves, fruits showed similar amounts of N and P; less Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn; and high concentrations of K. Fertilization did not change considerably the mineral composition of fruits, and because of large variation among trees, yield was similar for all treatments.     

Nitrate Dynamic in a Tropical Mollisol Amended with Organic Manures,Planted with Sweet Corn,and Monitored with SPAD Readings

Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of relative chlorophyll content (RCC) in sweet corn leaves as an indicator of nitrate concentration in soil. Study objectives were (1) to evaluate the effect of manure types (chicken and dairy), rates (0, 168, 336, and 672 kg ha^?1 equivalent N), and application frequency (one and two applications) of organic amendments on (a) nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) concentration within and below the crop root zone and (b) the RCC of sweet corn leaves and (2) to quantify the relationship between RCC and NO₃-N concentrations. The results showed a significant increase in NO₃-N concentrations within and below the root zone and plant leaf RCC under chicken manure treatments. Manure application rates and frequency had a significant effect on both NO₃-N concentration within and below the root zone and leaf RCC. It appears that leaf RCC can be used as an indicator of NO₃-N availability for sweet corn cultivated under the study conditions.     

Assessing Variations in SPAD‐502 Chlorophyll Meter Measurements and Their Relationships with Nutrient Content of Trembling Aspen Foliage

Abstract

The relative chlorophyll content in leaves estimated by the SPAD‐502 chlorophyll meter can be an efficient way to evaluate plant nitrogen (N) status in many crops and some tree species. In this study, the SPAD meter was used to look for relationships between relative leaf chlorophyll content and leaf nutrient concentration in trembling aspen. The variations in leaf chlorophyll measurements were also evaluated by using three sampling times and three measurement techniques. Hypothetical experimental designs were created to achieve better design efficiency. The best representation of overall leaf chlorophyll was found when six SPAD readings were taken at different locations on each leaf. There was a positive correlation between overall leaf N and estimated chlorophyll content, especially in the top part of the trees. Overall, this study suggested that the SPAD meter can give an estimation of trembling aspen nutritional status, especially if the differential partitioning of N within trees is considered.     

Evaluation of Drip-Irrigated Cotton Grown under Different Plant Population Densities and Two Irrigation Regimes

Modification of plant population density and irrigation regime may impact seed cotton and lint yield, fiber quality, photosynthesis, and nitrogen uptake, especially in areas with severe water shortages and limited water resources. Furthermore, it reduces seeds and other agricultural practices costs without sacrificing yield. Field experiments examining the impact of plant population and irrigation regime on cotton growth, cotton yield parameters, fiber quality, leaf area, and chlorophyll content of cotton leaves were conducted in the city of Aleppo, northern Syria, in 2004 and 2005. Plant populations of 74,000, 57,000, 48,000, 41,000, and 33,500 plants ha^?1 and two drip irrigation regimes [one planting row/one irrigation line (one/one) and two planting rows/one irrigation line (two/one)] were tested. Cotton was planted in April 2004 and 2005 at the Agricultural Research Center in northern Syria on a Chromoxerertic Rhodoxeralf soil. Cotton was irrigated when soil moisture in the specified active root depth was 80% of the field capacity as indicated by the neutron probe. Before all plots were hand-picked each year, a 20-lint sample was collected per plot and sent to the Cotton Research Administration Laboratory for fiber quality analysis. Seed cotton yields were lowest with populations of 33,500 plants ha^?1 compared to the other tested population densities. However, the other plant densities did not much influence seed cotton yield, fiber quality, leaf area, and leaf chlorophyll content. Water savings for different plant densities grown under the one/one irrigation regime ranged between 11.2 and 38.3% of irrigation water relative to two/one irrigation regime. Reducing population densities up to 41,000 plants ha^?1 and adapting a one/one irrigation regime appear to be viable cost-saving options.     

施肥与种植密度对春玉米SPAD值的影响

有效的氮肥管理一直是农业可持续发展面临的重大挑战。通过田间试验,采用裂区-裂区设计,研究了不同密度、不同氮肥用量和有机肥施用的不同措施对春玉米抽雄期穗位叶叶绿素含量(SPAD值)的影响。结果表明:种植密度(60 000,90 000株/hm2)、氮肥施用量(N0,N225,N300)及有机肥的施用与否均显著影响玉米抽雄期的SPAD值;施用有机肥有助于提高玉米SPAD值;种植密度增加,玉米SPAD值呈下降趋势;施氮量对玉米SPAD值的影响,在不施有机肥情况下呈直线型,而在施有机肥条件下呈抛物线型。     

基于数字图像技术的黄瓜缺氮营养诊断

以节节瓜和日本小黄瓜2个品种为试验对象,设计田间不同氮肥处理试验研究数字图像技术对于黄瓜缺氮无损诊断的可行性。每隔3d利用数码相机和叶绿素仪获取固定叶位的叶片图像和叶绿素测量(SPAD)值,利用图像处理技术获取叶片的颜色特征参数,分析这些参数和SPAD值之间的相关性,并建立回归方程。结果表明,红光标准化值(NRI)、色调(H)、深绿色指数(DGCI)和SPAD值之间存在良好的线性关系,其决定系数分别为0.86、0.70和0.65。利用数码相机和数字图像技术进行黄瓜氮素营养状况诊断具有快速、无损、易于操作的特点,易于在生产实际应用中推广。     

基于SVR算法的苹果叶片叶绿素含量高光谱反演

为实现苹果叶片叶绿素含量的高光谱反演,分析了多种光谱参数与实测SPAD值的相关性,并将归一化光谱参数值及SPAD值进行多项式回归及支持向量回归。其中以归一化植被指数为变量的SVR(Support vector regression)反演模型在建模及模型检验中决定系数分别为0.741 0、0.891 4,均方根误差分别为0.133 2、0.125 6,具有较高的精度及良好的预测能力。与多项式回归相比,SVR具有更好的反演效果,可以作为叶绿素高光谱反演的优选算法。