菜豆抗锈病育种研究初报

利用抗源亲本与园艺性状优良的非抗源亲本进行品种间人工杂交。根据5个杂交组合调查结果表明:菜豆抗锈遗传F_1抗病性为显性;有3个组合的抗病性受一对基因控制,F_2抗与感按3:1比例分离,另二个组合F_2抗与感按15:1或63:1比例分离,其抗病性是受两对或三对基因控制的。从80-2×30-7组合中选育出“新秀1号”和“新秀2号”抗锈新品种,表现垂直抗性。从80-4×12号玉豆组合中选育出87-2-8-1,87-1-33-2,87-1-18-2-3属于水平抗性。这些抗锈新品种(系)在秋季莱豆锈病大流行季节种植,表现出明显的增产增收效果。     

小麦条锈菌中国鉴别寄主维尔中抗条锈病基因YrVir1的微卫星标记

【目的】明确中国小麦条锈菌重要鉴别寄主维尔的抗条锈病基因及其遗传特点,建立与其连锁的微卫星标记,将病菌小种监测和抗病性分析提高到基因水平。【方法】由维尔为基因供体转育而成的含有小麦重要抗条锈基因YrVir1的近等基因系Taichung29*6/YrVir1,用小麦条锈菌单胞菌系2E16对近等基因系Taichung29*6/YrVir1、轮回亲本Taichung29及其杂交后代进行遗传分析;选用YrVir1所在2B染色体上的141对引物对近等基因系和轮回亲本的基因组DNA进行SSR分析。【结果】近等基因系Taichung29*6/YrVir1对2E16的抗病性由1对显性基因控制;引物Xbarc349在近等基因系与轮回亲本间稳定扩增出特异性DNA片段,同时在近等基因系和基因供体维尔间存在相同扩增片段,经F2代群体200个抗、感单株检测证实,Xbarc349标记位点与抗条锈病基因YrVir1连锁,遗传距离为4.2 cm。【结论】Xbarc349引物扩增出的特异性DNA片段可作为抗条锈病基因YrVir1的SSR标记;根据小麦SSR遗传图谱,将YrVir1基因定位在小麦2B染色体上。     

CmWRKY15-1通过水杨酸信号通路调控菊花白色锈病抗性

[目的]菊花白色锈病是菊花重要病害之一,严重影响其观赏品质.分析CmWRKY15-1在菊花抗白色锈病中的功能及防卫机制,为利用分子育种解决菊花产业中白色锈病病害问题提供借鉴.[方法]以菊花白色锈病抗病品种'黄莺'为试验材料,构建CmWRKY15-1过表达载体与干扰载体,通过农杆菌介导法转化菊花,分别获得超表达与沉默植株...     

结缕草属种质资源综合评价

针对坪用质量、抗病虫性以及繁殖性能等性状,对有代表性的60份结缕草(Zoysia spp.)加以评价。结果表明:不同性状变异系数排序为:繁殖性能(种子产量>生长速度)>抗病虫性(抗锈病>抗螨虫性)>坪用质量(旺盛生长季>缓慢生长季);快速生长季节(5-9月)草坪质量显著受锈病和种子产量的影响,而缓慢生长季节(10-4月)坪用质量受锈病和种子产量的影响不显著;而结缕草种子产量与其生长速度呈显著负相关;Z039、Z091以及Z016等9份种源是种子繁殖型优良选系,而Z097、Z002、Z036等10份种源是营养繁殖型优良选系。     

山楂叶悬钩子锈病冬孢子生物学特性研究

[目的]研究山楂叶悬钩子锈病冬孢子的生物学特性。[方法]采用玻片萌发法。[结果]多孢锈菌属灰色多孢锈菌冬孢子萌发温度为0～36℃,22.5℃为最适萌发温度;在清水中即可萌发且萌发率较高,对C、N源要求不高;pH值范围为4～12时均可萌发;光暗交替利于孢子萌发;孢子密度越小萌发率越高;36℃为冬孢子致死温度。[结论]为锈病病原菌的其他孢子形态和生物学特性的研究奠定一定基础。     

Susceptibility of several Japanese plum cultivars to pests and diseases in a newly established organic orchard

The susceptibility of 14 Japanese plum cultivars to an aphid pest and three fungal diseases was analysed during 2007 and 2008 in two experimental orchards, one in organic and the other in conventional management. There was a significantly higher incidence of green peach aphids [Myzus persicae (Sulzer)] for most of the cultivars in the organically managed treatment. ‘Fortune’, ‘Primetime’, ‘Larry Ann’ and ‘Sapphire’ were the cultivars most affected, and ‘Souvenir’ suffered the lowest attack in both treatments. Shot hole disease (Wilsonomyces carpophilus) affected both orchards at low levels, and only two cultivars, ‘Santa Rosa’ and ‘Larry Ann’, suffered a moderate attack. Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa) incidence was significantly higher in the conventionally managed orchard and only the ‘Red Beaut’ cultivar was affected. Rust disease (Tranzschelia spp.) incidence was significantly higher in the organic treatment. The cultivars in which the rust disease appeared earliest and reached the highest levels were ‘Showtime’, ‘Santa Rosa’, ‘Friar’, and ‘Larry Ann’. An intense rust infestation in leaves provoked a premature defoliation in the organic plot, indicating that proper control of this disease is important to maintain tree vigour and yield.     

小麦秆锈菌新致病小种21C3CTR致病谱分析

用从国内１６个小麦主产省收集的１１２个小麦主栽品种及抗源，分析测定秆锈菌新致病小种２１Ｃ３ＣＴＲ的致病谱，并与国内另７个致病小种２１Ｃ３ＣＫＨ，２１Ｃ３ＣＫＲ，３４ＭＫＧ，３４ＭＫＨ，３４Ｃ２ＭＫＲ，３４Ｃ２ＭＦＧ和３４Ｃ２ＭＦＲ的致病谱进行比较。２１Ｃ３ＣＴＲ的致病谱为４３．８％，另７个致病小种的致病谱则分别为４４．６％，４８．３％，５２．７％，５２．７％，５６．３％，４５．５％，６６．８％。２１Ｃ３ＣＴＲ的致病谱除比２１Ｃ３ＣＫＨ高外，比另６个致病小种都低，与３４Ｃ２ＭＦＲ的差异已达极显著水平。说明２１Ｃ３ＣＴＲ（Ｓｒｌｌ毒力）的出现引起抗病性丧失尚不十分严重。其原因是尽管２１Ｃ３ＣＴＲ对Ｓｒｌｌ有毒力，但对国内生产品种及抗源出现频率最高的抗秆锈病基因Ｓｒ５不具有毒力，制约了其致病谱。通过测定还明确了来自不同省份的小麦品种抗秆锈病水平存在极显著差异，具体阐明了各省小麦品种的抗性水平。建议今后秆锈病测报重点应放在品种抗性差的地区。     

石斛锈病病原初步鉴定及其防治药剂筛选

石斛锈病为齿瓣石斛(Dendrobium devonianum Paxt.)上的一种新病害。通过对锈病病斑的形状、颜色和冬孢子的外观形态进行观察，确定病原为担子菌门冬孢菌纲锈菌目柄锈菌属真菌。对锈病进行田间药剂防治试验，结果表明，43%戊唑醇SC、10%苯醚甲环唑WG、15%三唑酮WP三种药剂对该病防治效果较好，相对防效分别达到81.14%、76.36%和76.33%。     

Landraces of cowpea, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vigna</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">unguiculata</Emphasis> (L.) Walp., as potential sources of genes for unique characters in breeding

Cowpea landraces belonging to Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata cv.-gr. unguiculata and cv.-gr. sesquipedalis collected from part of the Deccan Plateau and West Coast of India were evaluated to (i) identify the diverse source(s) of variation for improved characters like pods/peduncle and seed index (ii) study the response of landraces for adaptation to drought and heat stress and (iii) understand the breeding value of a landrace in the genetic improvement of a popular cowpea cultivar. Landraces were evaluated for various morphological characters, pods/peduncle, seed index and other economically important agronomic traits, rust resistance and drought and heat tolerance in different years and environments. Landraces were found as an important source of genetic variability for pods/plant, pods/peduncle, better pod filling ability (seed index), grain yield/plant as well as drought and heat tolerance and rust resistance. Hybridization between C 152 (cv.) and DWDCC 016 (landrace) resulted in release of new variation not present in the two parents. Thus the landrace, DWDCC 016, can be utilized to improve cultivated varieties by transferring to them the economically valuable traits like pods/peduncle and seed index thereby enhancing realisation of sink potential and ultimately grain yield in a sustainable way.     

唐松草作为小麦叶锈菌的转主寄主问题的研究

1984年在内蒙古卓资县白石头沟野外调查中发现4种唐松草和5种禾本科杂草都发生有叶锈病。但无迹象表明该地区自然界唐松草上发生的叶锈病与小麦叶锈病有关。在室内用小麦、华北剪股颖和无芒雀麦叶锈菌的冬孢子对亚欧和瓣蕊唐松草接种,都长出了锈孢子腔和锈孢子。用三种锈孢子分别对小麦、华北剪股颖和无芒雀麦回接,都产生了夏孢子,完成了生活循环。从此得出结论:亚欧和瓣蕊唐松草是小麦、叶锈菌的转主寄主,但在室外不起作用。而田间所见唐松草上的锈病主要与杂草上的锈病有关。